Tuesday, December 8, 2009

Viral Diseases and its control measure

List of Epidemic Viral Diseases of Man
Following is the list of such important disease of man that appears in epidemic form:

Disease

Pathogen

Infection Sources

Reservoirs

Control Measures

German Measles

Rubella virus

Human cases

Humans

Immunization; avoid contact between infected individuals and pregnant women

Influenza

Influenza virus

Human cases

Humans, animals

Immunization

Measles

Measles virus

Human cases

humans

Immunization

Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV)

Infected body fluids, especially blood and semen

Humans

Treatment with reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors (not curative)

Rabies

Rabies virus

Bite by carnivores

Wild and domestic carnivores

Avoid animal bites; immunization of animals handlers and exposed individuals

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Hantavirus

Inhalation of contaminated fecal matter; contact

Rodents

Control of rodent population and exposure

Hemorrhagic fever

Ebola virus

Infected body fluids

Unknown fluids

Quarantine of active cases

Hepatitis

Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E

Infected humans

Humans

Decontamination of contaminated fluids and formites, immunization if available

Bacterial Diseases and its control measure

List of Epidemic Bacterial Diseases of Man

Following is the list of important epidemic disease of man caused by bacterial pathogens:

Disease

Pathogen

Infection Sources

Reservoir

Control Measures

Plague

Yersinia pestis

Bite by flea

Wild rodents

Control rodent populations, immunization

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Rickettsia rickettsii

Bite by infected tick

Ticks, rabbits, mice

Avoid tick exposure; treat infected individuals with antibiotics

Psittacosis

Chlamydia psittaci

Contact with birds or bird excrement

Wild and domestic birds

Avoid contact with birds; treat infected individuals with antibiotic

Chlamydia

Chlamydia trachomatis

Urethral, vaginal, and anal secretions

Humans

Testing for organism during routine pelvic examinations; chemotherapy of carriers and potential contacts; case tracing and treatment

Gonorrhoea

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Urethral and vaginal secretions

Humans

Chemotherapy of carriers and potential contacts; case tracing and treatment

Syphilis

Treponema pallidum

Infected exudates or blood

Humans

Identification by serologicall tests; antibiotic treatment of seropositive individuals

Meningicoccal meningitis

Neisseria meningitidis

Humans cases and carriers

Humans

Exposure treated with sulfadiazine for susceptible strains

Pneumococcal pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Human carriers

Humans

Antibiotic treatment; isolation of cases for period of communicability

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Sputum human cases; contaminated milk

Humans, cattle

Treatment with isoniazid; pasteurization of milk

Whooping cough

Bordetella pertussis

Human cases

Humans

Immunization; case isolation

Diphtheria

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Human cases and carriers; infected food and fomites

humans

Immunization; quarantine of infected individuals

Legionnaire’s disease

Legionella pneumophila

Contaminated water

High moisture environments

Decontamination of air conditioning cooling towers, etc.

Paratyphoid

Salmonella paratyphi

Fecal contamination of food and water

Humans

Decontamination of public water sources; oversight of food handles; immunization

Typhoid fever

Salmonella typhi

Fecal contamination of food of food and water

Humans

Decontamination of public water sources; oversight of food handlers; pasteurization of milk; immunization

Tularemia

Salmonella typhi

Fecal contamination of food and water

Humans

Decontamination of public water sources; oversight of food handlers; pasteurization of milk; immunization

Anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

Milk or meat from infected animals

Cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses

Destruction of infected animals

Bacillary dysentry

Shigella dysenteriae

Fecal contamination of food and water

Humans

Detection and control of carriers; oversight of food handlers; decontamination of water supplies

Botulism

Clostridium botulinum

Soil contaminated food

Soil

Proper preservation of milk; control of infection in animals

Brucellosis

Brucella melitensis

Milk or meat from infected animals

Cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses

Pasteurization of milk; control of infection in animals

Cholera

Vibrio cholerae

Fecal contamination of food and water

Humans

Decontamination of public water sources; immunization

E. coli 0157 : H7 food infection

Escherichia coli O157 : H7

Fecal contamination of food and water

Humans, cattle

Decontamination of public water sources; oversight of food handlers; pasteurization of beverages

Epidemic typhus

Rickettsia prowazekii

Bite by infected louse

Humans, lice

Control louse Population

Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

Bite from infected tick

Rodents, deer, ticks

Avoid tick exposures; treat infected individuals with antibiotics

Bacteria in Photos

Bacteria in Photos