Monday, July 27, 2015

Fourth Year Syllabus of Four Year B.Sc. Microbiology

Tribhuvan University
Institute of Science and Technology














Microsyllabusfor Fourth Year B. Sc. Microbiology
















July 2015



The four years bachelor in Science consists of 2000 total full marks of each year full marks 500. In the first, second and third year, one/one microbiology subject of 100 full marks and their respective practical of 50 full marks have been included. The fourth year course in microbiology includes two theory subjects each of 100 full marks and their respective practical subjects each of 50 full marks.
Course number
Course title
Nature of course
Full marks
First year



MB 101
General Microbiology
Theory
100
MB 102
General Microbiology Practical
Practical
50

Chemistry Theory
Theory
100

Chemistry Practical
Practical
50

Zoology/Botany
Theory
100

Zoology/Botany Practical
Practical
50

Scientific Communication
Theory
50


Total
500
Second year



MB 201
Biochemistry and Microbial Biotechnology
Theory
100
MB 202
Biochemistry and Microbial Biotechnology Practical
Practical
50

Chemistry
Theory
100

Chemistry Practical
Practical
50

Zoology/Botany
Theory
100

Zoology/Botany Practical
Practical
50

Applied Statistics
Theory
50


Total
500
Third year



MB 301
Agricultural and Food Microbiology
Theory
100
MB 302
Agricultural and Food Microbiology Practical
Practical
50
MB 303
Elective I (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Quality Management)
Theory
50
MB 304
Elective II (Bioinformatics)
Theory
50

Chemistry/Zoology/Botany
Theory
100

Chemistry/Zoology/Botany Practical
Practical
50

Elective I (Chemistry/Zoology/Botany)
Theory
50

Elective II (Chemistry/Zoology/Botany)
Theory
50

Research Methodology

100


Total
500
Fourth year



MB 401
Environment and Public Health Microbiology
Theory
100
MB 402
Environment and Public Health Microbiology Practical
Practical
50
MB 403
Medical Microbiology
Theory
100
MB 404
Medical Microbiology Practical
Practical
50
MB 405
Computational Course
Theory/Lab
50
MB 406
Project Writing and Presentation
or Methods in Microbiology (Applied Microbiology)
Project  work/Theory
100
MB 407
Instrumentation in Microbiology (Interdisciplinary Subject)
Theory
50


Total
500


Grand Total
2000




Environment and Public Health Microbiology

Description of the Course


Course Title:Environment and Public Health Microbiology                                                            Full Marks: 100
Course No: MB 401 (Major)                                                                                                                         Pass Marks: 35
Nature of the Course: Theory                                                                                                                    Year: IV

Course Objectives


The main objective of the course is to provide knowledge on microbial ecology, basic epidemiological concepts and public health of infectious diseases. After completion of the course, the students will be able to:
a)      understand microbial ecology and their role in environment 
b)      understand basics of epidemiology and health and disease measurements
c)       understand public health of infectious diseases

Course Contents


Microbial ecology                                                                                                                                                           8 hrs
Microbial association in soil, water and air, components of microbial ecology, ecosystem and energy, tools and techniques of experimental microbial ecology                                          
Microbiology of extreme environments                                                                                                                               10hrs
Growth and survival of microorganisms in extreme temperature, pH, humidity, salinity, and applications of extremophiles                                                               
Bioactive compounds of microorganisms                                                                                                             8 hrs
Biopesticides, bacterial, viral and fungal pesticides, mechanism of action and applications of biopesticides                                                                                           

Bioremediation                                                                                                                                                                8 hrs

 

Principles of bioremediation, in situ and ex situ bioremediation of soil, water and air pollution, steps and approaches in bioremediation, removal of xenobiotics, bioleaching, petroleum degradation                           


Health and disease and epidemiological measurements                                                                                              10hrs
Definitions of epidemiology, applications of epidemiology, definitions of health and disease, indicators of health and disease, disease frequency measures (mortality, morbidity, incidence, prevalence, incidence density), measures of effect                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                               



Methods of transmission of diseases                                                                                                                     8hrs
Epidemic, endemic, pandemic, sporadic, outbreak, investigation of disease outbreaks, mode of transmission of diseases, chain of infection, cases, carriers, hosts

Management of diseases                                                                                                                                            8hrs
Disease prevention, control, elimination and eradication

Drinking water microbiology                                                                                                                                      15 hrs
Types of water, safe drinking water, physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of water quality, biological indicators of water pollution, national and WHO guidelines for drinking water quality standards, principle and procedures of drinking water treatment for large water supply system, methods for monitoring water quality 
Waste management                                                                                                                                                      15 hrs
Introduction, solid waste and its types, solid waste management, sewage and industrial effluents, composition and microbiology of sewage, methods for the treatment of waste water                                      
Microbial air pollution                                                                                                                                                  10hrs

Introduction, methods of enumeration and identification of microorganisms in air (indoor and out door), indicator microorganisms of air pollution, air-borne diseases, air-pollution control                       

 

Water borne infections                                                                                                                                                10hrs

Overview on common water-borne diseases, microbiology of causative agents, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control of hepatitis A, cholera, typhoid, poliomyelitis     

 

Air borne infections                                                                                                                                                       10hrs

Overview on common air-borne diseases, microbiology of causative agents, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control of pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza, measles                                                                                                                
Food borne diseases                                                                                                                                                      10hrs
Concept on food borne infections and food intoxication, microbiology of causative microorganisms, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control of Staphylococcal, Clostridial food poisoning and intoxication, Salmonellosis

Vector borne diseases                                                                                                                                                  10hrs

Overview on common vector-borne diseases and their vectors, microbiology of causative organisms, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis and prevention and control of visceral leishmaniasis, malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue                                                                                                                

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)                                                                                                                   10hrs

Overview on common STIs, microbiology of causative agents, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis and prevention and controls of syphilis, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B                                                             

Recommended Readings
Text books
1.       Park K (2008). Park's Textbook of Social and Preventive Medicine. 18th Edition.
2.       Gordis L (2004). Epidemiology, 3rd Edition, Elsevier Saunders.
3.       Atlas RM and Bartha R (1998). Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications. The Benjamin Cummins Publication Co. Inc.
4.       Maier RM, Pepper IL and Gerba CP (2006). Environmental Microbiology. Academic Press, Elsevier Publication.
Reference books
1.                               StolpH (1988). Microbial Ecology: Organisms, Habitats, Activities. Cambridge


Environment and Public Health Microbiology Practical

Description of the Course

Course Title: Environment and Public Health Microbiology Practical      Full Marks: 50
Course No: 402(Major)                                                                                                  Pass Marks: 20
Nature of the Course: Practical                                                                                  Year: IV

Course Objectives


After completion of the course, the students will be able to:
a)      conduct analysis of environmental samples.
b)      perform field level tests for the diagnosis of diseases.

Course Contents


To perform bacteriological examination of drinking water: Most Probable Number (MPN), membrane filter (MF) methods, physico-chemical parameters of water tests, DO, BOD, COD, residual chlorine, ammonia, nitrate/nitrite, sulphate, chloride, iron
To demonstrate water treatment station: Field visit to water treatment station                 and report submission
To assess air pollution:  Air microbes in indoor and outdoor environments
To perform rapid diagnosis of viral diseases using test kits: HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, rotavirus
To understand the disease reporting system of Nepal: Visit to District Public/Health Office and report submission




Medical Microbiology

Description of the Course


Course Title:Medical Microbiology                                                                                                           Full Marks: 100
Course No: MB 403 (Major)                                                                                                                         Pass Marks: 35
Nature of the Course: Theory                                                                                                                    Year: IV

Course Objectives


After completion of the course, the students will be able to:
a)      understand the microbial world in the human body
b)      understand the immunity process in human body
c)       describe biology, pathogenesis and diagnostic methods of bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites

Course Contents


Historical background of medical microbiology                                                                                                 5 hrs
Historical aspects of medical microbiology, major contributors in medical microbiology                                                                   
Normal flora of the human body                                                                                                                              10 hrs
Normal flora of human body (skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, genito-urinary tract), opportunistic pathogens                                                                               

Immunity process                                                                                                                                                           30 hrs
Types of immunity, immunoglobulins and their types, antigen antibody reactions, auto immune diseases, hypersensitivity                               

Safety measures in clinical laboratory                                                                                                                   8 hrs
Principles of laboratories safety, decontamination and safe disposal of contaminated materials, bio-safety level laboratories, risk and hazard group of microorganisms                                                                                                                                                   
Methods of specimen collection, transportation, processing and culture of clinical samples for detection of bacteria                                                                                                                                                                   10 hrs
Cerebrospinal fluid, blood, sputum, urine, stool, other body fluids, pus and wound exudates, culture procedures, possible pathogens in different clinical specimens                             

Common pathogenic bacteria                                                                                                                                    20hrs
Biology, infections and diagnostic methods of:  Mycobacterium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma, Treponema                            

Method of collection, transportation and processing of clinical samples for detection of virus  10 hrs
Introduction, types of samples, maintenance of temperature and transportation, identification and interpretation, culture of virus in chick embryo and cell lines, cytopathic effects, detection of virus from culture, serological tests for the diagnosis of viruses                                                                                                           

Common pathogenic viruses                                                                                                                                      20 hrs
Biology, infections and diagnostic methods of: Small pox virus, Herpes viruses, hepatitis viruses, mumps virus, measles virus, influenza virus, HIV, rotavirus, polio virus, rabies virus                                                                                                                       
Sample collection and laboratory diagnosis of mycotic infections                                                            6 hrs
Samples for fungal infections, nasal swab, skin scraping, other samples                                                                                                                                                                 
Medically important fungi                                                                                                                                          10 hrs
Introduction, classification, and characteristics of medically important fungi and yeasts
Biology, infections and diagnostic methods of:  Dermatophytes, Aspergillus, Histoplasma, Candida, Cryptococcus

Method of collections of samples and processing for detection of parasites                                       6 hrs
Introduction, types of samples for parasite detection, sample processing and detection methods for blood, intestinal and tissue parasites

Common pathogenic parasites                                                                                                                                  15hrs
Biology, infections and diagnostic methods of:  Entamoeba, Giardia, Plasmodium spp., Leishmania spp., Taenia, Ascarislumbricoides, Ancylostomaduodanale


Recommended Readings

Text books
1.       Cheesbrough M (2007). Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries Vol. 2 ELBS London.
2.       Tille P (2014). Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology (13th edition). Elsevier.
3.       Collee JG, Fraser AG, Marmion BP and Simmons A (1996). Mackie &McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology (14th edition). Churchill Livingstone.
Reference books
1.       Greenwood D, Slack RCB and Peutherer J (2001). Medical Microbiology ELBS, Dunclude Livingstone.
Michael JP, Chan ECS and Kreig NR (1993). Microbiology. 5th edition McGraw Hill, Delhi.


Medical MicrobiologyPractical

Description of the Course

Course Title: Medical MicrobiologyPractical                                                       Full Marks: 50
Course No: 404(Major)                                                                                                  Pass Marks: 20
Nature of the Course: Practical                                                                                  Year: IV

Course Objectives


After completion of the course, the students will be able to:
a)      collect, transport, and process the clinical samples for the diagnosis of microbial diseases.

Course Contents

To demonstrate safety precautions in microbiology laboratories: Demonstrate various safety measures and precautions to be taken in the laboratories                                                                                                                       
To collect and transport various clinical specimens: Blood, urine, stool, sputum, swabs
To perform different staining techniques: Gram's staining, capsule staining, spore staining, ZiehlNeelson, Albert stain, Giemsa stain     
To prepare different culture media and monitoring their quality:  Nutrient agar, blood agar, MacConkey agar, chocolate agar, SS agar, XLD agar, MSA, anaerobic culture medium                                              
To prepare biochemical media and reagents for identification of bacteria: MR test, VP test, citrate test, urease test, SIM test, indole test, O/F test, TSI/KIA.                                                         
To differentiate different types of bacteria from biochemical tests: Carbohydrate utilization test, Nitrate reduction test, interpretation of the result                                        
To perform enzymatic test of the bacteria:  Perform important enzymatic tests, coagulase test, catalase test, oxidase test, DNase test, Gelatin, Casein and lipid hydrolysis.                                                                               
To demonstrate serological tests: Rapid diagnostic test kits, ELISA, hemagglutination test            
To learn various sample collection techniques for diagnosis of mycotic infections:  Skin scrapping, nails clipping, sputum collection, hair plucking                                                                
To prepare fungal culture media: Preparation of media; Sabouraud dextrose agar, potato dextrose agar, malt extract agar
To detect the fungi by direct microscopic methods: Detection of fungal elements: KOH preparation, iodine preparation, India ink preparation, lacto-phenol cotton blue staining
To examine the samples for intestinal and tissue parasites: Ascaris, Entamoebahistolytica, Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium spp., Leishmania spp.


Methods in Microbiology (Applied Microbiology)

Description of the Course


Course Title:Methods in Microbiology (Applied Microbiology)                                                    Full Marks: 100
Course No: MB 405 (Applied Microbiology)                                                                                          Pass Marks: 35
Nature of the Course: Theory                                                                                                                    Year: IV

Course Objectives


After completion of the course, the students will be able to:
a)      understand the principles, procedures and applications of methods used in the fields of microbiology

Course Contents


Safety measures in microbiology laboratory                                                                                                       10 hrs
Principles of laboratories safety, biosafety level of laboratories and bio-hazards, risk group of microorganisms, decontamination and safe disposal of contaminated materials, sterilization and sterility techniques                                                                                                                                                        

Methods of specimen collection, transportation and processing of clinical samples for bacteria detection                                                                                                                                                                          20 hrs
Cerebrospinal fluid, bloodand other body fluids, sputum, urine, discharges and pus, stool, culture procedures, test algorithms for diagnosis of bacteria, antibiotic susceptibility tests (Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration determination)
Method of collection, transportation and processing of clinical samples for virus detection       20 hrs
Introduction, types of samples, maintenance of temperature and transportation, identification and interpretation, culture of virus in chick embryo and cell lines, cytopathic effects, detection of virus from culture, serological tests for the diagnosis of viruses           

Sample collection and laboratory diagnosis of mycotic infections                                                            10 hrs
Samples for fungal infections, sputum, nasal swab, skin scraping, hair and nails, CSF for fungal meningitis, microscopy, staining, culture
                                                                                                                                                                               
Method of collections of samples and processing for detection of parasites                                       15 hrs
Introduction, types of samples for parasite detection, sample processing and detection methods for blood, stool and tissue parasites

Immunological and serological tests                                                                                                                      15hrs
Principles, procedures, advantages and applications of precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation, ELISA, radio-immunoassay

Method of collections of water samples and microbiological analysis                                                    10 hrs
Introduction, types of water samples, water sample processing and detection methods, MPN, MF, BOD

Field level tests for disease diagnosis                                                                                                                   10 hrs
Principles, procedures and applications of rapid tests for malaria, kala-azar, lymphatic filariasis, dengue, HIV, HBV, HCV, rotavirus, JE, leptospirosis, typhoid

Molecular tests in microbiology laboratories                                                                                                     15hrs
Samples for molecular diagnostic tests, DNA/RNA extraction, PCR, Real Time PCR, PCR-RFLP, sequencing, western blotting

Microbiological quality tests of foods                                                                                       15hrs
Quality test of milk and milk products, egg and egg products, meat and meat products, cereal and cereal products, HACCP, detection methods of carcinogens and toxins in food

Microbiology laboratory in agriculture                                                                                                                  10 hrs

Methods for preparation of bio-fertilizers, detection methods of pesticide, herbicide, insecticide, fungicide in soil, isolation and detection of pectinolytic, lignolytic, lipolytic, cellulolytic  microorganisms from soil

Recommended Readings

Text books
1.       Cheesbrough M (2007). Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries Vol. 2 ELBS London.
2.       Brown AE (2012). Benson’s Microbiological Applications. Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology. (12th edition). McGraw-Hill Publisher.
3.       Collee JG, Fraser AG, Marmion BP and Simmons A (1996). Mackie &McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology (14th edition). Churchill Livingstone.


Project Writing and Presentation

Description of the Course


Course Title:Project writing and Presentation                                                                                    Full Marks: 100
Course No: MB 406 (Major)                                                                                                                         Pass Marks: 40
Nature of the Course: Project work                                                                                                         Year: IV

Course Objectives


After completion of the course, the students will be able to:
a)      carry out laboratory based mini research
b)      develop knowledge and skills in writing scientific research report

Course Contents


Students in group will be assigned relevant research topics related to their study by concerned department/campus. Students will perform laboratory experiments within fourth academic year. The research will be supervised by faculty member(s) of microbiology of concerned department/campus. After completion of laboratory work, the student should write the research report in standard format on the basis of data/findings generated during the laboratory works. The student will submit required number of copies of their research report to concerned department or campus for evaluation. The final evaluation of the project work will be made by a panel of external and internal examiners, head of the department and supervisor(s).


Instrumentation in Microbiology

Description of the Course


Course Title:Instrumentation in Microbiology                                                                                     Full Marks: 50
Course No: MB 407                                                                                                                                         Pass Marks: 18
Nature of the Course: Interdisciplinary subject                                                                                  Year: IV

Course Objectives


After completion of the course, the students will be able to:
a)      understand the working principles and procedures of instruments used in microbiology laboratory

Course Contents


General principle and approaches of biochemical investigations                                                             10hrs
Cell disruption techniques, protein extraction and purification                                                                   
Working principle, instrumentation and application of                                                                                 10hrs
Phase contrast, electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy
Principle and applications of                                                                                                                                      15 hrs
Centrifugation techniques, Electrophoretic techniques: Agarose gel, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Types, instrumentation and uses of chromatographic techniques                                                            20hrs

Ion exchange chromatography, Affinity Chromatography, Paper and Thin layer chromatography, Gel Permeation chromatography, Gas Chromatography, High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Principle, instrumentation and application of                                                                                                    10hrs    

Ultra-violet and visible spectrometry, colorimeter           

Principle, instrumentation and application of molecular techniques                                                      10hrs    

Thermocycler, Probes, Sequencer, Gel documentation system, Microarray


Recommended Readings

 

Text books

                               

1.       Skoog DA, Holler FJ and Nieman TA (2005), Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th Edition, Thomson Books/Cole
2.       Wilson K and Walker J (Eds)(2005), Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,6thEdition,Cambridge University Press

Mendham J, Denny RC, Barnes JD and Thomas M (2008),  Vogel's Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th Edition, Pearson Education

Bacteria in Photos

Bacteria in Photos