Monday, July 11, 2016

Air and Water Borne Pathogens

AIR BORNE PATHOGENS
Table A: Some important diseases of humans transmitted from person to person by inhaled airborne particles
Virus diseases
(virus type in brackets)
Bacterial diseases
(bacterial name in brackets)
Chickenpox (Varicella)
Whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis)
Flu (Influenza)
Meningitis (Neisseria species)
Measles (Rubeola)
Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
German measles (Rubella)
Pneumonia (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus species)
Mumps (Mumps)
Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Smallpox (Variola)


Table B: Several other diseases, below, are acquired by inhaling particles from environmental sources, not directly from an infected person.
Disease
Source
Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
Dried, powdery droppings from infected birds (parrots, pigeons, etc.)
Legionnaire's disease (Legionella pneumophila)
Droplets from air-conditioning systems, water storage tanks, etc., where the bacterium grows.
Acute allergic alveolitis (various fungal and actinomycete spores)
Fungal or Actinomycetes spores from decomposing organic matter (composts, grain stores, hay, etc.)
Aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger)
Fungal spores inhaled from decomposing organic matter
Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum)
Spores of the fungus, in old, weathered bat or bird droppings
Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides immitis)
Spores in air-blown dust in desert regions (Central, South and North America) where the fungus grows in the soil




WATER BORNE PATHOGENS
Protozoal
Disease and Transmission
Microbial Agent
Sources of Agent in Water Supply
Amoebiasis (hand-to-mouth)
Protozoan (Entamoeba histolytica) (Cyst-like appearance)
Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfectedanimal manure, seasonal runoff of water.
Protozoan parasite (Cyclospora cayetanensis)
Giardiasis (fecal-oral) (hand-to-mouth)
Protozoan (Giardia lamblia) Most common intestinal parasite
Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater contamination, campgrounds where humans and wildlife use same source of water. Beavers and muskrats create ponds that act as reservoirs for Giardia.
Protozoan phylum (Microsporidia), but closely related to fungi
Encephalitozoon intestinalis has been detected in groundwater, the origin of drinking water [6]

Parasitic

Disease and species
Microbial Agent
Sources of Agent in Water Supply
Schistosomiasis (immersion)
Members of the genusSchistosoma
Fresh water contaminated with certain types of snails that carryschistosomes
Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease)
Stagnant water containing larvae, generally in parasitised Copepoda
Tapeworms of the genusTaenia
Drinking water contaminated with eggs
Drinking water contaminated with encysted metacercaria
Hymenolepiasis (Dwarf Tapeworm Infection)
Drinking water contaminated with eggs
Echinococcosis (Hydatid disease)
Drinking water contaminated with feces (usually canid) containing eggs
Drinking water contaminated with feces (usually canid) containing eggs
Drinking water contaminated with eggs
Bacterial


Disease and Transmission
Microbial Agent
Sources of Agent in Water Supply
Bacteria can enter an open wound from contaminated water sources. Can enter the gastrointestinal tract through consumption of contaminated drinking water or (more commonly) food
Most commonly caused by Campylobacter jejuni
Drinking water contaminated with feces
Spread by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae
Drinking water contaminated with the bacterium
Certain strains of Escherichia coli 
(commonly E. coli)
Water contaminated with the bacteria
Naturally occurs in water, most cases from exposure in swimming pools or more frequently aquariums; rare infection since it mostly infects immunocompromised individuals
Caused by a number of species in the genera Shigella and Salmonella with the most common being Shigella dysenteriae
Water contaminated with the bacterium
Legionellosis (two distinct forms: Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever)
Caused by bacteria belonging to genus Legionella (90% of cases caused by Legionella pneumophila)
Contaminated water: the organism thrives in warm aquatic environments.
Caused by bacterium of genus Leptospira
Water contaminated by the animal urine carrying the bacteria
Otitis Externa (swimmer's ear)
Caused by a number of bacterial and fungal species.
Swimming in water contaminated by the responsible pathogens
Caused by many bacteria of genus Salmonella
Drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. More common as a food borne illness.
Ingestion of water contaminated with feces of an infected person
Can enter wounds from contaminated water. Also acquired by drinking contaminated water or eating undercooked oysters.

Identification chart of Gram negative bacteria


Identification chart of Gram positive baceteria


Bacteria in Photos

Bacteria in Photos