M.Sc. Microbiology First Year Course Syllabus

Syllabus for M. Sc. Microbiology

Master of Science in Microbiology

(M. Sc. Microbiology)

Revised Curriculum

Effective from 2009

Office of the Dean

Institute of Science and Technology

Tribhuvan University

Kathmandu, Nepal

Introduction

The M.Sc. Microbiology program was started in Nepal for the first time by Tribhuban University in 1990 at the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur. The course structure of the initial programme was entirely changed in 1999. However, no revisions were made in the curriculum for many years. Therefore, the present revision on existing course that was introduced in 1999 is targeted to make the program more competitive and research oriented. The main objective the present revision is to upgrade and update the existing curriculum of M.Sc. Microbiology of Tribhuvan University to the level of top class international Universities offering similar courses in microbiology.

Objectives

The objective of the revised curriculum is to produce quality microbiologists as per national and international demand. It is expected that after completion of the course:

1.      The Master’s degree holders will be qualified to get admission in Ph.D. in medical and molecular virology, microbiology, immunology, microbial biochemistry and related programs offered by top class universities of the world.

2.      The Master’s degree holders will be able to work as highly specialized microbiologist and research scientist in monitoring, identifying and helping to control infectious diseases.

3.      The Master’s degree holders will be able to use skills of modern molecular biology techniques to develop and test new, bioactive compounds, biomolecules and medicines required to treat emerging infectious diseases and they will be able to study and discover the measures to control drug resistant problems in microorganisms, will be eligible to work as qualified scientist for investigating the potential uses of microorganisms to produce antibiotics, antibodies, steroids, vaccines, hormones and other produce of microbial origin.

4.      The Master’s degree holders will be eligible to work as qualified researchers and scientists in the institutions related to food production, crop protection and soil fertility.

5.      The Master’s degree holders will be eligible to be the lectures of microbiology in universities or teaching hospitals for teaching, monitoring and supervising bachelors and masters level microbiology students.

Course Structure

Entire course is divided into two academic years. The first year course covers disciplines of General microbiology, Immunology, Microbial biochemistry, Epidemiology, Microbial biotechnology, Pharmaceutical microbiology and Practical on this course. In the second year, there are four different optional courses each carrying 450 marks. Though there are four different optional groups to choose, subject committee can offer at least two groups or more in a year depending upon the facilities available at the campus/department.

M. Sc. First Year

Course No.	Course Title	Full Marks	Pass Marks
MB 511	Microbiology Structure Physiology and Genetics	100	40
MB 512	Immunology	100	40
MB 513	Biochemistry and Instrumentation	100	40
MB 514	Microbial Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Microbiology	100	40
MB 515	Epidemiology, Research methods and Biostatistics	100	40
MB 516	Practical Course on ((MB 511+ MB 512)	50	20
MB 517	Practical Course on ((MB 513+ MB 514)	50	20
	Total	550

M. Sc. II Year

Course No.	Course Title	Full marks	Pass Marks
Optional Course I: Environmental and Public Health Microbiology
MB 611	Applied Environmental Microbiology	100	40
MB 612	Public Health Microbiology	100	40
MB 613	Systematic Microbiology	50	20
MB 614	Practical Course on MB 611, MB 612 and MB 613	100	40
MB 615	dissertation	100	40
	Total	450

Course No.	Course Title	Full marks	Pass Marks
Optional Course II: Medical Microbiology
MB 621	Bacteriology	100	40
MB 622	Virology, Mycology and Parasitology	100	40
MB 623	Human Anatomy and Physiology	50	20
MB 624	Practical Course on MB 621, MB 622 and MB 623	100	40
MB 625	Dissertation	100	40
	Total	450

Course No.	Course Title	Full marks	Pass Marks
Optional Course III: Food Microbiology
MB 631	General Food Microbiology	100	40
MB 632	Applied Food Microbiology and Biotechnology	100	40
MB 633	Food Sanitation and Quality Control	50	20
MB 634	Practical Course on MB 631, MB 632and  MB 633	100	40
MB 635	Dissertation	100	40
	Total	450

Course No.	Course Title	Full marks	Pass Marks
Optional Course IV: Agricultural Microbiology
MB 641	Soil Microbiology	100	40
MB 642	Plant Microbiology	100	40
MB 643	Soil Fertility and Fertilizers	50	20
MB644	Practical Course on MB 641, MB 642 and MB 643	100	40
MB 645	Dissertation	100	40
	Total	450

Eligibility and Admission Procedures

Candidates having a Bachelor’s Degree in Microbiology form Tribhunan University or equivalent degree recognized by Tribhuvan University are eligible to apply for M. Sc. Microbiology program. Each applicant should appear and pass entrance examination conducted by the Central Department of Microbiology. The enrollment will be based on merit. The candidates failed to get minimum qualifying marks/pass marks in the entrance examination will not be enrolled in the program.

Hours of Instruction

a)      Working days: 180 days in a academic year

b)      Class hour:

a.       Theory: One Theory paper of 100 marks should have 4 hours of lecture per week.

b.      Practical: The practical course for MB 516 should have 4 hours per day, (3 days a week) and for MB 517 should have 4 hours per day, (3 days a week).

c)      Attendance: 70 percent attendance in the class is compulsory

d)     Language of Instruction: English

Examination and Evaluation

The students should appear in final examination of four hours for each theoretical course carrying 100 full marks and two hours examination for the course each carrying 50 full marks. Twelve hour long practical examination (2days -6+6 hrs) will be conducted for 100 marks practical course and 8 hours (2 days-4+4 hrs) practical examination will be conducted for 50 marks practical course.

The students will have to pass each level and each course numbers separately. The minimum pass marks is 40 percent, both for theory and practical.

A student having passed his/her two years of study will be graded on the basis of the two-year’s aggregate marks as follows:

75 percent and above      Distinction

60 percent and above      First Division

50 percent and above      Second Division

40 percent and above      Third Division

             

 For 1st Year

Microbial Structure, Physiology and Genetics

Course Title: Microbial Structure, Physiology and Genetics

Course No. MB 511

Nature of Course: Theory

Full Marks: 100

Pass Marks: 40

Year: 1

Objectives

Upon the completion of the course students will have advanced knowledge on

·                     Bacterial and viral taxonomy

·                     The microbial genetics and application

·                     Structure and physiology of bacteria, virus and fungi

·                     Growth and recovery of bacteria and bacteriophage.

Microbial Structure and Physiology

Bacterial Classification

History, Fundamental and new approaches to bacterial taxonomy and nomenclature, Bacterial phylogeny, Characteristic of major families of bacteria ( Gram positive, Gram negative, Mycobacteria, Actinomyctes, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma)                                                                                                                   14 hrs

Molecular Structure and Composition of Bacterial Cell

Structure, physiology and function of bacterial Cell wall, Cell membrane, Capsule, Spore, Flagella, pili, Ribosome and other cellular structures                                                                10 hrs

BacterialGrowth                                                                                                                              Growth in individual cell, Batch and Continuous growth, Kinetics of bacterial growth, growth curve, Synchronization Procedures, Measurement of bacterial growth                                                                                                                               6 hrs

 Bacterial Metabolism 

Transport mechanism of nutrients, Respiration and fermentation, Major energy yielding pathways and their significance, Electron transport chain, Oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation, Different types of fermentative pathways                                                                                                                               12hrs                                                                           

Fungi: Structure and Physiology

Classification, Morphological and growth characteristics, Reproduction and life cycle of Yeast and Mold                                                                                                                                       8 hrs

Viruses: Structure, Classification and Replication

Structure of viruses, Classification schemes of bactriophages and virus, Replication, Enumeration, Culture and recovery of Viruses                                                                 10 hrs

Microbial Genetics

Overview

Molecular Structure and Function of DNA and RNA of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells                                                                                                                                         2 hrs

DNA Transfer in Prokaryote

Types and Function of Plasmids, Recombination (Homologous and Non-homologous), Transformation, Transduction (Generalized and Specialized), Conjugations, Genetic mapping                                                                                                                                            8 hrs

DNA Replication

Molecular mechanism of DNA Replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, Enzymes involved in DNA replication: Topoisomerases, Helicases, DNA polymerases; Proofreading, post-replicational modification of DNA                                                                                       8 hrs

Transcription

Role of RNA in transcription, Mechanism of RNA Synthesis, Initiation and Termination of Transcription, Post transcription modification of RNA                                                    5hrs  

Protein Biosynthesis

Role of RNA in protein biosynthesis, Translation of the genetic code, Steps involve in translation (Initiation, Elongation and Termination)                                                                                      8 hrs

Regulation of the Gene Expression

Mechanism of Lac-operon and trp Operon: Gene expression in Eukaryotic cells                 6hrs 

 Mutations

Types of Mutation, Mutagenic agents: Physical, Chemical and Biological, Detection of Mutants                                                                                                                                   8 hrs 

Recombinant DNA Technology

Principle, procedures and mechanism of gene cloning, Formation of the Recombinant DNA, Cloning vectors, Expression vectors, Detection of the recombinant DNA, Cloning of eukaryotic genes in bacteria                                                                                                                            8 hrs 

Molecular techniques

Extrication and purification of plasmid and chromosomal DNA and RNA, Principle, procedures and applications of PCR based techniques and blotting techniques in microbiology: Plasmid Profiling, PCR, Real time PCR, RFLP, DNA Finger Printing, Western blotting, Southern blotting and Northern blotting, Gene Sequence.                                                                        7 hrs

Textbooks

1.      Madigan MT, Martinko JM and Parker j. Brock’s Biology of Microorganisms, 10^th Edition, Prentice-Hall International (2004).

2.      Prescott LM, Haley JP and Klein DA. Microbiology, 7^th Edition (International Edition) McGraw Hill (2005).

3.      Lewin B. Genes IX, Oxford University Press and Cell Press (2007)

4.      Sambrook J and Russell DW. Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual, (Vol I, II & III) 3^rd Edition, Could Spring Harbor laboratory Press (2001).

5.      Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume I (2001), Volume 2 (2005), Volume 3 (2009), Volume 4 (2009), Volume 5 (2009)

Immunology

Course title: Immunology

Course No.: MB 512

Nature of Course: Theory

Full Marks: 100

Pass Marking: 40

Year: I

Objectives

Upon completion of the course, students will be able to

·                     Understand basic immunology

·                     Understand current immunological techniques and assays

·                     Be familiar with immunopathology of viral, bacterial, parasite, autoimmune, tumor and fungal diseases

·                     Be able to search, study, comprehend and apply information gathered in current immunological journals/publications

Overview of Immunology                                                                                                       2 hrs

Introduction to Immunology and Serology                                          

Cells and Tissues of the Immune System; Primary & Secondary Lymph Organs                  12 hrs 

Innate immunity

Development and function, Non-specific Defense against the Microbial Infections. Physical and Anatomical Barriers, Cells and Secretary Molecular serum component, Phagocytosis                                                                                                                           5 hrs

Complements

Mechanism and significance of classical and alternative pathways of complement system                                                                                                                                     5 hrs

Antigens

Types and properties; Conditions of the antigenicity                                                             2 hrs

Antibodies and immunoglobulins

Molecular structure, Classes, Subclasses, Types, Subtypes, Genetic Basis of the Diversity                                                                                                                                 10 hrs

Antigen-antibody Reactions

Principle of Antigen-Antibody reactions in vitro

Precipitation: Types, principle, procedures and applications

Agglutination: Types, principle, procedures and applications

Immunochemical methods: Antibodies Labeling Methods

Immunofluorescence assay, ELISA

Radioimmuno assay

Immunoelecrophoresis and Immuno Blotting Methods                                                         20 hrs

Cells and Tissues of Adaptive Immunity

Types, development and function, MHC, antigen processing, presentation and receptors                                                                                                                                  5 hrs

Cell Mediated Immunity

T cell development, activation, effectors mechanisms; B cell activation, Antibody production, immunological tolerance, Assays used to measure CMI                                                         15 hrs

Humeral Immune Responses

Effectors Mechanisms; Cell Signaling: Intra & Extra- cellular mediators and pathways, Cytokines; TLR                                                                                                                 10 hrs

Immune Disorder

Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity & Allergy; congenital & Acquired Immunodeficiencies                                                                                                                8 hrs

Diagnostic Immunology

Concept of Immunopathology and Immunodiagnostic tests, their development and use in diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious disease (Cover at least one example from each group: Bacterial, Viral, Fungal, Parasitic, Tumor and Allergy)                                                                                                                            15 hrs

Vaccines

History of vaccine and vaccination, Types of vaccines-killed organism as a vaccine, attenuated vaccine, methods of attenuation, experimental; vaccines, Overview of vaccine production techniques, Quality and Efficacy, Adverse events following immunization, Recent Developments and Prospects                                                                                                                      15 hrs

 Textbooks

1.      Roitt IM and Delves PJ. Roitt’s Essential immunology, 10^th Edition, ELBS, Blackwell Scientific Publication (2001)

2.      Kindt TJ, Goldsby RA, Osborne  BA. Kuby Immunology, 6^th Edition, W.H. Freeman (2006).

3.      Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, and Pillai S. Cellular and MolecularImmunology, 6^th Edition, Elsevier (2007)

4.      Abbas AK and Lichtman AH. Basic Immunology: Functions andDisorders of the Immune System, 3^rd Edition, WB Saunders Co (2008)

  

Biochemistry and Instrumentation

Course Title: Biochemistry and Instrumentation

Course No: MB 513

Nature of Course: Theory

Full Marks: 100

Pass Marks: 40

Year: I

Objectives

Upon completion of the course, students will have

·                     Advanced knowledge on general and microbial biochemistry

·                     Advanced knowledge on principle and procedures of various biochemical techniques and instrumentation required for conducting analysis and research.

Overview of Principles of Biochemistry, Bio-molecules                                                       2 hrs

Carbohydrates

Classification, Structures and Biological functions of Carbohydrates and Glycoprotein                                                                                                                           6 hrs

Amino Acids and Proteins

Classification, Structure and Biological function: Amino acids, Protein, Peptides and Polypeptides, Methods for characteristization and Purification of Proteins                                                                                                                                   3 hrs

Lipids and Fatty Acids

Biological role of lipids. General properties, distribution, classification and nomenclature of lipids, Structure and properties of neutral fats and phospholipids, Glycolipids, steroid, Structure components of lipids: Hydrophilic components, Fatty acids with even and odd number of carbon atoms saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Fatty alcohols , glycerol, diols, inositol, carbohydrate component, amino alcohol / sphingozine / amino acids / phosphates, sulfates. Neutral lipids, Ethers, Steroid derivatives, Fatty acids and their role in lipid metabolism                                                                                                                              6 hrs

Enzymes: Kinetics and Regulation

Nomenclature and principle of enzyme classification, Henri equation, Michaelis-Menten equation; kinetics of enzymatic reaction involving two substrates, Factors affecting enzymatic activity and kinetics, Mechanisms of enzymes catalysis; Structure and mechanisms of lysozyme; serine proteases and glutathione redcutase, immobilized enzymes. Allosteric regulation, rate limiting enzymes, Isozymes and their role, Enzymes of microbial origin and their applications                                                                                                                             8 hrs

Biological Membrane

Biological function, Structure and properties of membrane lipids, Formation of artificial membrane and their applications. Dynamic properties of membrane lipids. Classification, characteristics and distribution of membrane proteins, extraction and isolation of membrane proteins, movements of main proteins and lipids, Asymmetry of membrane, Factors influencing on membrane fluidity                                                                                                                       3 hrs  

                                                                                                                                     

                                                      

Vitamins and Coenzymes

Role of vitamins, metals and other cofactors in enzyme functions. Types, properties and classification of Vitamins: Water-soluble vitamins and their coenzymes, Lipid-soluble vitamins, Iron containing coenzymes and metal cofactors.                                                                                                                                8 hrs

Nucleic Acids

Structure of nucleic acids, Purines and Pyridines base, Carbohydrate components, Mononucleotides, Nucleoside: mono, di-and tri-phosphates, DNA and RNA, their localization in cell                                                                                                                                                    2 hrs

Metabolism of carbohydrates

Interconversion of carbohydrates. Coenzymatic functions of nucleotides (eg. UTP, UDP). Anaerobic and aerobic degradation of carbohydrates. Differenent types of fermentation. Glycolysis. Oxidative phosphorylation in the level of substrate, Glyconeogenesis Oxidative decarboxylation  of pyruvic acid, Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, Cycle of di-and tri-carbonic acids and their biological role, Terminal processes of oxidation. Electron transport system, Energetic significance of cascade process of electron transport from substrate to oxygen. Oxidative phosphorylation of respiratory chain, concept of conjugated oxidation and phosphorylation in respiratory chain, transmembrane potential of hydrogen ions, energetic effect of glycolysis and respiration. Gluconeogenesis: substrates of gluconeogenesis (lactate, pyruvate and other c₃ compounds, acetate, glyoxylate)                                                                            6 hrs 

                                                                                                             

Metabolism of Amino acids and Proteins

Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins, proteolytic enzymes. Degradation of amino acids, Transamination and its mechanism, various types of deamination, urea cycle, Link between urea cycle and Krebs’s cycle. Metabolism of Ammonia. Deamination and carboxylation of amino acids, amines and their physiological role, Proteineous nitrogenous substances: biosynthesis, degradation and biological function                                                                                                                                   6 hrs

Metabolism of Lipids

Enzymatic degradation of triglycerols and absorption by cell membrane. Oxidation of fatty acids, b-oxidation mechanism of fatty acids, biosynthesis of neutral fats, phospholipids and cholesterol                                                                                                                               8 hrs

Nucleic Acids Metabolism

Mechanism of biosynthesis of nucleosides and degradation of nucleotides                          4 hrs 

United system of Process of Metabolism

Integrated system of metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids                                2hrs

Hormones

General Characteristics, Classification, Mechanism of action                                                4 hrs

Instrumentation

Biochemical Techniques

General principle and approaches to biochemical investigations, In Vivo / in vitro studies physiological solutions, Tissues homogenization and separation                                              3 hrs

Cell disruption

Methods of tissues and cells, Protein purification: Background factors, protein extraction, preliminary fractionation procedures, chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques, monitoring the purification process                                                                                      4 hrs

Working Principle, Instrumentation and Application of –Phase contrast and Electron Microscopy, Gel-Doc system                                                                                                 3 hrs   

Principle, types and uses of- Centrifugation techniques, Gel filtration, Electrophoretic techniques: Starch gel, Agarose gel. Cellulose Acetate, Polyacrylamide gel, Electrophoresis, Isoelectirc focusing, Two-dimensional Electrophoresis, Blotting technique                                                                                                                            10 hrs 

Principles, types and uses of Chromatographic Techniques

Basic concepts and instrumentation- Ion exchange chromatography, Affinity Chromatography, Partition chromatography, Paper and Thin layer Chromatography, Gel permeation chromatography, GAS chromatography, High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)                                                                                                                                     10 hrs

Instrumentation, Working Principle and Application of – Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Atomic emission Spectroscopy-Flame photometry, Plasma emission Spectroscopy, Fluorimetry and spectrofluorimetry                                                                                                                      10 hrs

Principle, Instrumentation and Application of –Ultra-violet and visible spectrometry, Infra-red spectroscopy, Molecular luminescence spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Mass Spectroscopy                                                                                                                  10 hrs

Textbooks

1.      Nelson DL and cox MM. Lehninger Principle of Biochemistry, 5^thEdition, Freeman (2004)

2.      Wilson k and Walker J (Eds). Principles and Techniques ofBiochemistry and Molecular Biology, 6^th Edition, Cambridge University Press (2005).

3.      Voet D and Voer J. Biochemistry. 3^rd Edition, Wiley International Edition(2004)

4.      Stryer L. Biochemistry, 4 th Edition, W.H. Freeman Company, New York (1995)

5.      Plummer DT. An introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 3^rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill (1988)

6.      Skoog DA , Holler FJ and Nieman TA. Principle of InstrumentalAnalysis, 5^th Edition, Thomson Books/Cole (2005)

7.      Mendham j, Denny RC, Barnes JD and Thomas M. Vogel’s Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6^th Edition, Pearson Education (2008)

 

Microbial Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Course Title: Microbial Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Course N.: MB 514

Nature of course: Theory

Full Marks: 100

Pass Mark: 40

Year: I

Objectives

Upon the completion of the course students will have advanced knowledge on

·                     Scope and application of Microbial Biotechnology

·                     Production, purification and product recovery of industrial products of microbial origin

·                     Application of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and quality control systems applied in pharmaceutical industries

Microbial Biotechnology

Overview: History, Scope, Areas, Application, Risk and Hazards of Biotechnology;

Gene Transfer Techniques: Vector Gene transfer (based on Ti and Ri Plasmid, intermediate and helper plasmid, binary vector, virus as vector), Gene transfer techniques using Agrobacterium; Animal Cell culture Technology, Plant cell and Tissue Culture Technology                                                                                                                            10 hrs

Fermentation Technology

Fermentation Processes and Culture improvement: Introduction to industrial fermentation and bioprocess technology, Microorganisms of industrial importance, search and selection of new culture of industrial microorganisms. Strain development and Improvement of Industrial microorganisms. Contamination control mechanisms in the Fermentation Industry. Maintenance, quality control and purity of preserved stock culture. Management of culture collection; Bioengineering and Bioreactor Design: Basic concepts basic concepts in Bioengineering; dimensions and units, equilibrium and rate, coefficients for mass and heat transfer, volumetric coefficient and mass balance. Bioreactor Design Fundamentals; introduction , volumetric oxygen transfer coefficients, aeration and agitation, scale up, impeller design, effect of stirring, sparring and other parameter, different type of bioreactors, operation and control of bioreactor system. Batch, fed-batch and continuous culture, solid state and submerged fermentation. Sterilization for fermentation                                                                                                                            15 hrs

Production, Purification and Product recovery of physiologically active substances by fermentation: Antibiotics (Penicillin, Streptomycin, Polypeptide antibiotics), enzyme inhibitors, Beta carotene, Riboflavin and Vitamin B12, amino acids (glutamic acid, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, tryptophan, nucleic acids), Organic acids (Citric acid, Acetic acid, Lactic acid, Kojic Acid), Enzymes (Amylase, Protease, Chitinase, Pectinase), Alcoholic beverages (wine, beer, distilled liquor), Fermented Foods (Kinema, Soya sauce,  Nato, Kimchi) and Single Cell Protein                                                                                                                                     15 hrs

Production and product recovery of: Human growth hormones, interferon, and insulin                                                                                                                                      2 hrs

Types, Applications and Production Process of Microbial bio-biofertilizers                          2 hrs  

Types, Application and Production procedures of Bacterial, fungal and Viral Biopesticides and Bioherbicides                                                                                                                          2 hrs

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Antibiotics

Sources, Types, Target and Mode of Action of Antibiotics, Antiviral drugs and Drug in combination                                                                                                                            12 hrs

Development of Drug Resistance in Bacteria

Types and Mechanisms of resistance                                                                                      8 hrs

Chemical Disinfectants, Antiseptics and Preservatives

Types, Mode of Action and Quality Evaluation                                                                    8 hrs

Quality Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Products

Bioassays, Chemical assays and Immunoassay of Antibiotics, Quality Evaluation of disinfectants and preservatives                                                                                                               12 hrs

Microbial Spoilage and Preservation of Pharmaceutical Products

Types of spoilage, factors affecting microbial spoilage, preservation of pharmaceutical products, quality assurance and management                                                                                 10 hrs

Sterilization Control and Sterility Testing of Pharmaceutical Products

Physical, chemical and biological indicators of sterilization, principles and methods of sterility testing                                                                                                                                                 10 hrs

Quality Control Systems

Conventional System, TQM, HACCAP, Quality Assurance, Quality Auditing, GMP, GLP, ISO, Nepal Standard                                                                                                                     14 hrs

Textbooks

1.      Smith JE. Biotechnology, 3 rd Edition, Cambridge University Press (1996)

2.      Denyer SP, Hodges NA and Gorman SP (Eds) Hugo and Russell’spharmaceutical Microbiology, 7^th Edition, Blackwell Science Ltd (2004)

3.      Crueger W and Crueger A. biotechnology: A textbook of IndustrialMicrobiology. 2^nd Edition, T.D. Brock’s Editor. Sunderland Mass Sinauer Associates (1990)

4.      Cassida LE Jr, Industrial Microbiology, New Age Int. Publishers (reprint, 1996)

5.      Reed G (Ed) Prescott and Dunn’s Industrial Microbiology, 4^th Edition, Chapman & Hall (1981).