SCIENTIFIC DEDICATION

“I will educate my kids whether I have to sell my eyes or any other organs”. It is not a proverb by a renowned educationist or by any popular artist. It is a true speaking of my father, Ratna Keswor Thapa Shrestha, born in Bode, Bhaktapur, Nepal on April 15, 1936. Due to poor financial condition of my great-father, my father could not get even primary level education. He had just gone a local school in Bode for a month and studied the First Book (named at that time). I was extremely surprised about his knowledge that he could teach us even a secondary level courses especially on Mathematics and Science subjects. He had a strong desire of learning himself and teaching his kids. I had never seen him wasting his time. I always saw him with some kinds of books and newpapers especially health related books at his last moments.  With his enormous desire, he did all his best to educate his nine kids (six sons and three daughters) including myself (the youngest one). One can imagine the life of a poor joint family is a difficult one. He was finally succeeded to provide us good education with his small local curd business. Under bleak conditions, my parents left no stones unturned to get me a good education and my elder brothers added on his effort.  Now, I am M.Sc. graduate in Microbiology and recently selected as lecturer in Tribhuvan University. I have been awarded with few Research Grants from National and International Institutions, published dozens of research articles, written three books and many other achievements in Jobs, which wouldn’t be possible without the effort of my Father. He is no more with us (Expired on May 22, 2017 Monday at the age of 82). No matter where he is, he is always present in my heart and he watching us from Heaven.

I feel really lucky and blessed to have a father like him. He was true motivation in my life, just seeing his face make my day amazing.  Even I spent a million of words on his goodwill, will not be enough.

I wish for his soul to be calm and peaceful!!!!

Finally, from the depth of my heart I would like to dedicate all my achievements to my beloved FATHER.

I LOVE YOU, DAD

MY ACHIEVEMENTS (DEDICATED TO MY FATHER)

  

BOOKS PUBLISHED

1.       Shrestha UT, Adhikari N and Shrestha S (2014). A Practical Manual for Biochemistry and Instrumentation, Second Edition, Oasis Publication, Anamnagar, Kathmandu, Nepal (ISSn No.: 978-9937-2-7961-1).

2.       Shrestha UT and Adhikari N (2014). A Practical Manual for Microbial Genetics, First Edition, Publisher-Kantipur College of Medical Science (ISSN No: 978-9937-2-7962-8).

3.       Shrestha UT, Adhikari N and Shrestha S (2012). A Practical Manual for Biochemistry and Instrumentation, First Edition, Oasis Publication, Anamnagar, Kathmandu, Nepal.

4.       Shrestha UT (2010) A Practical Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Khwopa College Publisher, Bhaktapur, Nepal.

 PUBLISHED ORIGINAL ARTICLES

1. Prakash Simkhada, Shiva Raj K. C., Santosh Lamichhane, Surya Subedi & Upendra Th apa Shrestha Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Blood Culture Isolates from Patients Visiting Tertiary Care Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Global Journal of Medical Research: © Microbiology and Pathology; Volume 16 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Year 2016; 24-31.
2. Sabnum Shrestha, Sulochana Laluwa, Bimala Ranamagar, Pramila Thapa, Manoj Pradhan, Nabaraj Adhikari, Upendra Thapa Shrestha (2016). Intestinal Parasitosis among School Going Children in Bhaktapur, Nepal. International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 1(2); 1-6.
3. Bhomi Ujwol, Rijal Komal Raj, Neupane Biswas, Shrestha Santu, Chaudhary Mahesh, Acharya Dhiraj, Thapa Shrestha Upendra, Adhikari Nabaraj and Ghimire Prakash (2015).  Status of inducible clindamycin resistance among macrolide resistant Staphylococcus aureus. African Journal of Microbiology Research. Vol 10(9); 280-284 (March 7 2016).
4. Rojina Maharjan, Dina Shrestha, Jyoti Acharya, Nabaraj Adhikari, Komal Raj Rijal, Prakash Ghimire, Upendra Thapa Shrestha (2015). Change in Biotype trend of Vibrio cholerae in Nepal.  Med-Micro Journal of Microbiology (MMJM), 1 (1): 45-54.
5. Upendra Thapa Shrestha, Nabaraj Adhikari, Rojina Maharajan, Megha R Banjara, Komal R Rijal, Shital R Basnet, Vishwanath P Agrawal. Multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 from clinical and environmental samples in Kathmandu city. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2015; 15: 104. http://www.biomedcentral.com/orderreprints/s12879-015-0844-9 (IMPACT FACTOR-2.61).
6. Khanal S, Ansari S, Basnyat SR, Joshi DR, Adhikari N, Shrestha UT, Acharya D, Adhikari P, Niraula PM, Khadka R and Upadhyay BP (2015). Sero-prevalence of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) among Nepalese Children. British Microbiology Research Journal, 6(3): 126-134, 2015, Article no.BMRJ.2015.065.

7.       Prakash Chandra Pahadi, Upendra Thapa Shrestha, Nabaraj Adhikari, Pradeep Kumar Shah and Ritu Amatya (2014). Growing resistance to Vancomycin among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different clinical samples. Journal of Nepal Medical Association (JNMA), Vol 52 no.12, Issue 196 (Oct-Dec), 977-981.

8.       Adhikari N, Shrestha UT, Shah PK, Khadka R, Shrestha S, Khanal S, Adhikari P, Shrestha S, Mali NM, Basnyat SR (2014). Intestinal parasitic infection among school children in Kathmandu Valley. Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology (TUJM), Vol. 2, No. 1, 6-9.

9.       ShresthaUT, Agrawal VP (2014). Survival and efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis in waste water for biological control of mosquito breeding. The Journal of University Grants Commission, Vol. 3, No. 1, 134-139.

10.    Shrestha S, Mali NM, Tiwari KB, Adhikari N, Shrestha UT, Basnyat SR (2014). Antibiogram and Plasmid profiling of clinical multidrug resistant Escherichia coli. Journal of Institute of Medicine, August Vol-36(2): 21-26 (Website: www.jiom.com.np).

11.    Shrestha UT, Sujakhu H (2014). Coliform and Vibrio cholerae analysis of drinking water collected from cholera outbreak region of Bhaktapur Municipality. International Journal of Environment, Jun-Aug 2014 vol 3 (3): 39-45(Online: http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/IJE/index).

12.    Adhikari N, Shrestha UT, Shah PK, Khadka R, Shrestha S, Khanal S, Adhikari P, Shrestha S, Mali NM, Basnyat SR (2014). Intestinal parasitic infection among school children in Kathmandu valley. Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology, vol 2 (1): 6-9.

13.    Shrestha UT (August 2013). Nepali pig farmers learn management techniques from TIRI scholar. http://lccrsp.org/2013/08/researchers-make-significant-improvements-to-Nepal-pig-farmers-practices/ (Official website of Feed and Future Innovative lab Collaborative research, Colorado State University).

14.    Shikshya Gautam, Pradeep Kumar Shah, Nabaraj Dahal, Dhiraj Acharya, Nabaraj Adhikari, Upendra Thapa Shrestha, and Susma Thapa Magar (2012). Multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens among patients visiting a tertiary care hospital in Central Nepal. Procedding of First International Conference on Infectious Diseeases and Nanomedicine, December 15-18, 2012: 7-13.

15.    Tiwari KB and Shrestha UT. Nitrogen Assimilation in Actinomycetes. Nepalese Journal of Microbiology (NJM), Vol 2, No 1, 2011, pp.61-65

16.    Khatri M, Rajbhandari Y, Regmi S, Hamal J, Shrestha UT and Kiran Babu Tiwari KB¹, Sodium azide induced mutation of actinomycetes  International Journal of Life Sciences ISSN 2091-0525, vol. 3, 2009  http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/IJLS/.

17.    Sahukhal GS, Shrestha UT, Lekhak B, Singh A and Agrawal VP; Genetic Fingerprinting of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR). Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 10 (2009) 97-103.

18.    Sahukhal GS, Jayana BL, Shrestha UT, Ben-Dov E and Agrawal VP; Screening of cry-type genes among Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from soil samples in Phereche and Sagarmatha National Park of Mount Everest base camp region by PCR. J. Food Sci. & Technol. Nepal, ISSN: 1816-0727, 2008; vol  4, 74-77.

19.    Yadav J, Shrestha UT, Tiwari KB, Sahukhal GS and Agrawal VP. Streptomycin – like antibiotic from Streptomyces species isolated from Mount Everest Base Camp Nepal. Journal of Science and Technology 9(2008) 73-75).

20.    Tiwari KB, Shrestha UT, Acharya A, Subedi B, Paudyal B, Jnawali M, Shakya P, K.C. U, Singh A and Agrawal VP; Antibacterial activities of locally used toothpastes against dental pathogens. Journal of Institute of Medicine, August, 2008; 30:2 15-18.

21.    Sahukhal GS, Shrestha UT,  Tiwari KB, Lekhak B, Singh A and Agrawal VP; Optimization of RAPD-PCR for Genetic Fingerprinting of Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, Vol. 15, 2007-08, pp.90-102.

22.    Shah SK, Tiwari KB, Shrestha UT, Pokhrel S and Agrawal VP; Cloning of Bacillus thuringiensis cry3 fragment in Escherichia coli Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, Vol. 15, 2007-08, pp.64-70.

23.    Dhungel B, Subedi M, Tiwari KB, Shrestha UT, Pokhrel S and Agrawal VP; Thermostable Glucose Isomerase from Psychrotolerant Streptomyces species International Journal of Life Sciences (2007) vol-1,  http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/IJLS/.

24.    Shrestha UT, Sahukhal GS, Pokharel S, Tiwari KB, Singh A and Agrawal VP; Strong mosquitocidal Bacillus thuringiensis from Mount Everest (2007) Our Nature 5:67-69.

25.    Shrestha UT, Sahukhal GS, Pokharel S, Tiwari KB, Singh A and Agrawal VP; Delta Endotoxin Immunocrossreactivity of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates collected from Khumbu Base Camp of Mount Everest Region. (2006) J. Food Sci. & Technol. Nepal 2:128-131.

GRANTS AWARDED

1. USAID Grant: Colorado State University, Feed the Future Innovation Lab; Increase in milk production among dairy cattle after deworming of gastrointestinal parasites, 2015 (as Principle Investigator-TIRI Scholar) Second Project.
2. UGC (University Grants Commission, Nepal) grants: Faculty Research Grants for the project entitled "Antibiogram and detection of ctx gene in Vibrio cholerae from clinical and environmental specimens by specific PCR for Molecular diagnosis", 2013 (as Team Leader).
3. USAID Grant: Colorado State University, Feed the Future Innovation Lab; Comparative Study of parasitic infection in Pig Population from Different climatic ecozones of Nepal and Its impact on productivity and human health, 2013 (as Principle Investigator-TIRI Scholar), First Project.
4. UGC (University Grants Commission, Nepal) grants: Mini Research Grants for research project entitled "Study of survivability and efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis   in waste water for biological control of mosquito breeding", 2010 (as Principle Investigator).

ARTICLES REVIEW FOR INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

1. Cholera outbreak caused by drug resistant Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 biotype ElTor serotype Ogawa in Nepal; a cross sectional study. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, BioMed Central, www.biomedcentral.com (An impact factor Journal).

WHO Projects

1. Situation Analysis of Malaria in cross-border settings of Nepal: supported by WHO country office Nepal in collaboration with EDCD and KCMS, 2016 (as a research officer).
2. Development guideline and SOPs for Malaria Case based Surveillance and Implementation plan with year wise budgeting for NMSP 2014-2025. supported by WHO country office Nepal in collaboration with EDCD and KCMS, 2015
3. Assessment of laboratory capacity for malaria microscopy in health facilities of malaria endemic districts in Nepal: supported by WHO country office Nepal in collaboration with EDCD and KCMS, 2015 (as a research assistant).
4. Assessment of impact of the OFID support in strengthening blood transfusion service in Nepal: supported by Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal, WHO, OFID and Nepal Red Cross Society, 2015 (as a research assistant).
5. Monitoring the durability of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) in the field condition of Nepal, 15 Nov to 25 Dec, 2013. WHO project for malaria eradication (As a research assistant).

PRESENTATIONS

1.        Comparative study of parasitic infection in pig population from different climatic ecozones of Nepal and its impact on productivity and human health. The Fifth National Conference on Microbiology (5^th NCM) organized by Nepalese Society for Microbiology (NESOM), on Nov15-Nov16, 2014, Dhobighat, Kathmandu pp 99-100.

2.        Multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 and detection of ctx gene from clinical and environmental specimens in Kathmandu Valley. The Fifth National Conference on Microbiology (5^th NCM) organized by Nepalese Society for Microbiology (NESOM), on Nov15-Nov16, 2014, Dhobighat, Kathmandu.

3.        Study of survivability and efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis in waste water for biological control of mosquito breeding. The Sixth National Conference on Science and Technology, September. 25-27, 2012, Kathmandu pp. 79.

4.        Delta Endotoxin Diversity among Cold Tolerant Bacillus thuringiensis from Khumbu, Everest Base Camp. The Fifth National Conference on Science and Technology, Nov. 10-12, Kathmandu pp. 184-185.

LETTER TO EDITOR

Letter to Editor published on Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences

MSc Microbiology First Semester Syllabus

New Revised Syllabus of MSc Microbiology for Academic year 2073-074

Semester I

Course code	Course Title	Nature     of Course	Credits	Evaluation (40% internal assessment)
Compulsory courses
MB 501	Advances in Microbiology	T	3	75 (45+30)
MB 502	Immunology	T	3	75 (45+30)
MB 503	Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology	T	3	75 (45+30)
MB 504	Biochemistry and Biotechnology	T	3	75 (45+30)
MB 505	Practical on (MB 501 + MB 502)	P	2	50
MB 506	Practical on (MB 503 + MB 504)	P	2	50
	Total		16	400

MB 501 Advances in Microbiology

Course Title: Advances in Microbiology                                                        Full Marks: 75

Course No.: MB 501                                                                                      Pass Marks: 37.5

Nature of Course: Theory (3 credits)                                                              Semester: I

Objectives

Upon the completion of the course students will have knowledge on

a.       Bacterial and viral taxonomy

b.      Structure and physiology of bacteria, virus and fungi

c.       Transport system and pathways of protein secretion

d.      Growth and recovery of bacteria and bacteriologic

Course Contents

 Bergey's Classification of Bacteria                                                                                      7 hrs

Nomenclature, Classification, Identification, Polyphasic taxonomy, Techniques used for determining Microbial Taxonomy and Phylogeny; Classical Characteristics method, Molecular Characteristics method, Phylogenetic tree, Cladograms, Dichotomous Keys, Basis for classification of bacteria,   Introduction to Bergey’s Manual

Pathways of Protein Secretion                                                                                             5 hrs

General secretory pathway (GSP), Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV secretion system, Bacterial invasion mediated by cytoskeletal function, Disruption of tight junction

Bacterial Structure and Transport Mechanism                                                                 5 hrs Overview of prokaryotic cell structure and function, Cell membrane and function, Cell wall and function, Passive diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Active transport, Group translocation, Iron transport, ABC transporter

Bacterial Growth, Growth Kinetics                                                                                    4 hrs

Lag  phase,  Exponential  or  log  phase,  Stationary  phase,  Death  phase,  Generation  time determination, Diauxic growth

Bacterial Metabolism                                                                                                            10 hrs

Nutrient, Macro and Micro elements, Requirement of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, Nutritional types of microorganisms, Free energy and reactions, Oxidation-Reduction reaction and electron carrier, Role of ATP in metabolism, Mechanism of generating ATP, Photophosphorylation, Substrate-level phosphorylation, Oxidative phosphorylation, Chemiosmotic theory, Overview of metabolism, Catabolism, Anabolism, Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, Embden-Meyerhof pathway, Pentose phosphate pathway, Entner-Doudoroff pathway, Kreb cycle, Fermentation, Lactic acid fermentation, Ethanol fermentation, Mixed acid fermentation, Butanediol fermentation, Anaerobic respiration, Photosynthesis, Light dependent and light independent reaction

Fungi: Structure, Classification and Physiology                                                                7 hrs Classification, Fungal cell structure and function, Nutrition and metabolism, Reproduction and life cycle of yeast and mold

Viruses: Structure, Classification and Replication                                                            7 hrs Virus  classification  and  nomenclature,  Phylogenetic  analysis  and  taxonomy  of  viruses  and Bacteriophages, Morphology and structure of viruses, Propagation and identification of viruses and bacteriophages, Replication of viruses and bacteriophages, Virus purification and assays, Host-virus interaction

References

1.      Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 1 (2001), Volume 2 (2005), Volume 3 (2009), Volume 4 (2009), Volume 5 (2009)

2.      Madigan MT, Martinko JM and Parker J (2004), Brock's Biology of Microorganisms, 10th Edition, Prentice-Hall International

3.      Prescott  LM,  Haley  JP  and  Klein  DA  (2005),  Microbiology,  7th   Edition  (International Edition) McGraw Hill

MB 502 Immunology

Course Title: Immunology                                                                              Full Marks: 75

Course No.: MB 502                                                                                       Pass Marks: 37.5

Nature of Course: Theory (3 credits)                                                              Semester: I

Objectives

Upon completion of the course, students will be able to understand

a.       Basic immunology and immunopathology of viral, bacterial, parasite, autoimmune, tumor and fungal diseases

b.      Immunological techniques and assays

Course Contents

Basic Concept of Immunology                                                                                             2 hrs

Immunology, Immunity; Anatomical feature and location of human lymphatic system, Role of organs, Cells, tissues and other components in immune system

Innate Immunity                                                                                                                   3 hrs

General overview of host pathogen interaction, Non-specific defense against the microbial infections, Physical and anatomical barriers, Cells and secretary molecules, Serum components, Phagocytosis

Complements                                                                                                                         2 hrs

Mechanism and significance of classical and alternative pathways of complement system

Cells and Tissues of Adaptive Immunity                                                                             3 hrs

Types, functions and development (maturation, activation and differentiation) of T and B cells

Antigens                                                                                                                                 2 hrs

Types and properties; Conditions of antigenicity

Antibodies and Immunoglobulins                                                                                        5 hrs

Molecular structure, Classes, Subclasses, Types, Subtypes, Genetic basis of diversity

In Vitro Antigen-Antibody Reactions                                                                                  5 hrs

Types, principle, procedures and applications of precipitation, Agglutination, Antibodies labelling methods; Immunofluorescence assay, ELISA, Radioimmuno assay, Immunoelectrophoresis, Immuno blotting methods

Cell Mediated Immune Response                                                                                        5 hrs

Cells involved in cell mediated immunity; Structure and function of MHC in antigen processing, Presentation and effecter mechanism

Types and Function of Cytokines and TLR                                                                       3 hrs

Immune Disorders                                                                                                                5 hrs

Immunological tolerance; Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity and Allergy; Congenital and acquired Immunodeficiency

Immunopathology of Bacterial, Viral and Parasitic Infections                                        5 hrs

Vaccinology                                                                                                                           5 hrs

Overview of vaccine and vaccination, Types of vaccines- killed organism as a vaccine, Attenuated vaccine, Methods of attenuation, New experimental vaccines, Vaccine production techniques, Quality and efficacy, Adverse events following immunization, Recent developments and prospects

References

1.      Abbas AK and Lichtman AH (2008), Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System, 3rd Edition, W B Saunders Co

2.      Abbas AK, Lichtman AH and Pillai S (2007), Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 6th Edition, Elsevier

3.      Kindt

TJ, Goldsby RA and Osborne BA (2006), Kuby Immunology, 6th

Edition, W. H.

Freeman

4.      Roitt  IM  and  Delves  PJ  (2001),  Roitt’s  Essential  Immunology,  10th   Edition,  ELBS, Blackwell Scientific Publications

MB 503 Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology

Course Title: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology                              Full Marks: 75

Course No.: MB 503                                                                                       Pass Marks: 37.5

Nature of Course: Theory (3 credits)                                                              Semester: I

Objective

Upon the completion of the course students will have knowledge on

a.       Microbial genetics and techniques and applications of molecular biology

Course Contents

Fundamentals on Genes, DNA, RNA, Genome and Genetics                                           2 hrs

DNA Recombination and Transfer in Prokaryote                                                             3 hrs

DNA Replication                                                                                                                   5 hrs

Molecular mechanism of DNA, Replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Gene Expression                                                                                                                    5 hrs

Molecular mechanism and stages of transcription in prokaryotes, viruses and bacteriophages, Post transcriptional modifications

Process of Protein Synthesis                                                                                                 5 hrs

Role of RNA and translation of the genetic code, Steps involved in translation, Post translational modification of proteins, Post translational modifications

Regulation of Gene Expression                                                                                            5 hrs

Mechanism of Lac-operon and Trp operon, Control of gene expression at transcriptional, post transcriptional, translational and hormonal level

Mutations                                                                                                                               5 hrs

Types of Mutation, Mutagenic agents: Physical, chemical and biological, Detection of mutants

Recombinant DNA Technology                                                                                           8 hrs

Principle, procedures and mechanism of gene cloning, Sources of DNA for cloning, Restriction enzymes and their characteristics, Formation of the recombinant DNA, Cloning vectors, Expression vectors, Detection of the recombinant DNA, Cloning of the eukaryotic genes in bacteria

Molecular Techniques                                                                                                          7 hrs

Extraction and purification of plasmid and chromosomal DNA and RNA, Principle, procedures and applications of PCR based techniques and blotting techniques in Microbiology: Plasmid profiling, PCR, Real time PCR, RFLP, DNA Finger printing, Western blotting, Southern blotting, Northern blotting, PFGE, Gene sequencing, DNA microarray

References

1.      Lewin B (2007), Genes IX, Oxford University Press and Cell Press

2.      Snyder L and Champness W (2003), Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, 2nd Press

Edition, ASM

3.      Sambrook J and Russell DW (2001), Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Vol I, II and III), 3rd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

MB 504 Biochemistry and Biotechnology

Course Title: Biochemistry and Biotechnology                                              Full Marks: 75

Course No.: MB 504                                                                                       Pass Marks: 37.5

Nature of Course: Theory (3 credits)                                                              Semester: I

Objectives

Upon completion of the course, students will have knowledge on

a.       General and microbial biochemistry

b.      Production, purification, and product recovery of industrial products of microbial origin

Course Contents Biochemistry

Introduction to Biomolecules                                                                                               2 hrs

Definition, classification, sources and function: Carbohydrates, Amino Acids and Proteins, lipids and fatty acids, and nucleic acids

Vitamins                                                                                                                                 3 hrs

Absorption, sources and functions: Fat-soluble vitamins, Water-soluble vitamins

Enzymology                                                                                                                           2 hrs

Michaelis-Menten  equation,  Lineweaver-  Burk  equation,  Enzyme  inhibition:  Competitive inhibition, non-competitive inhibition, uncompetitive inhibition

Metabolism of Carbohydrates                                                                                             4 hrs

Metabolism of dietary carbohydrate, Pathway, metabolic regulation and significance: Glycogen metabolism, Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Pentose phosphate pathway shunt, Uronic acid pathway, Metabolism of Disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)

Krebs Cycle                                                                                                                           1 hr

Pathway,  metabolic  regulation  and  significance:  Krebs  cycle,  Amphibolic  role  of  cycle, Glyoxylate cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation                                                                                                   1 hr

Pathway,  metabolic  regulation  and  significance:  Electron  transport  chain  and  oxidative phosphorylation, Substrate level phosphorylation

Metabolism of Amino Acids                                                                                                 3 hrs

Metabolism of dietary proteins, Metabolism of ammonia, Biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids, Catabolism of essential amino acids, Pathway, metabolic regulation and significance: Urea cycle

Metabolism of Lipids                                                                                                            5 hrs

Metabolism of dietary lipids, Pathway, metabolic regulation and significance: Beta-Oxidation of fatty acids and energetic, Alpha-oxidation, Omega-oxidation, Biosynthesis of ketone bodies, Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Biosynthesis of triacylglycerol

Metabolism of Nucleic Acids                                                                                                2 hrs

Pathway, metabolic regulation and significance: Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide (De Novo and salvage pathways), Purine nucleotide interconversion, Formation of deoxyribonucleotides.

Biotechnology

Animal and Plant Biotechnology                                                                                         4 hrs

Vector, Gene transfer techniques in plants (based on Ti and Ri Plasmid, Intermediate and helper plasmid, Binary vector, Virus as vector), Gene transfer techniques using Agrobacterium; Animal cell culture technology, Plant cell and tissue culture technology

Microbial Production, Purifications and Product Recovery of Metabolites and Fermented Foods                                                                                                                                                10 hrs

Antibiotics (Benzyl Penicillin, Streptomycin), Vitamins (Riboflavin and vitamin B12) Amino acids (Glutamic acid, Lysine, Tryptophan), Nucleic acids, Organic acids (Citric acid, Lactic acid, Kojic acid), Enzymes (Amylase, Protease, Glucose isomerase), Alcoholic  beverages  (Wine, Beer, Distilled liquor-whisky), Fermented Foods (Kinema, Soya sauce, Natto, Kimchi), Single cell protein

Production and Product Recovery of                                                                                  2 hrs

Human growth hormones, Interferon, Insulin

Types, Applications and Production Process of                                                                 3 hrs

Microbial bio-fertilizers (Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Cyanobacteria, VAM)

Types, Applications and Production Procedures of                                                          3 hrs

Bacterial, Fungal and viral biopesticides and bioherbicides

References

1.      Nelson  DL  and  Cox  MM  (2004),  Lehninger  Principles  of  Biochemistry,  5th Freeman

Edition,

2.  Plummer DT (1988), An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 3rdEdition, Tata McGraw Hill

3.      Skoog DA, Holler FJ and Nieman TA (2005), Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th Edition, Thomson Books/Cole

4.      Stryer L (1995), Biochemistry, 4th Edition, W.H. Freeman Company, New York

5.      Voet D and Voet  J (2004),  Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Wiley International Edition

6.      Wilson  K  and  Walker  J  (Eds)(2005),  Principles  and  Techniques  of  Biochemistry  and Molecular Biology,6thEdition,CambridgeUniversity Press

7.      Mendham  J,  Denny  RC,  Barnes  JD  and  Thomas  M  (2008),     Vogel's  Text  Book  of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th Edition, Pearson Education

8.      Cassida LE Jr (1996), Industrial Microbiology, New Age International Publishers

9.      Crueger W and Crueger A (1990), Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology. 2nd Edition, T. D. Brock's Editor, Sunderland Mass Sinauer Associates

10.  Smith JE (1996), Biotechnology, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press

MB 505 Practical on (MB 501 + MB 502)

Course Title: Practical on (MB 501+MB 502)                                               Full Marks: 50

Course No.: MB 505                                                                                       Pass Marks: 25

Nature of Course: Practical (2 credits)                                                           Semester: I

Course Contents Advances in Microbiology

Bacterial Morphology

1.      Microscopy and staining

Microbial Physiology

2.      Measurement of growth of bacteria

3.      Enumeration techniques

4.      Biomass determination

5.      Determination of bacterial growth curve in broth medium

6.      Effect of environmental factors on bacterial growth

7.      Degradation experiments- Cellulose, Starch, Gelatin, Casein, Tween 80

8.      Conventional biochemical testing for identification of Enterobacteriaceae family

9.      Biochemical identification of unknown bacteria (Gram positive, Gram negative)

10.  Antimicrobial susceptibility test

Yeast, Mold and Actinomycetes

11.  Isolation, enumeration and morphological identification of yeast and molds

12.  Growth of molds in different condition

13.  Isolation and characterization of Actinomycetes

Viruses

14.  Isolation and enumeration of bacteriophage

15.  One step growth curve of bacteriophage

Immunology

1.      Handling of laboratory animals

2.      Animal inoculation techniques using different routes

3.      Immunization of laboratory animals antiserum harvesting

4.      Purification of immunoglobulins

5.      In vitro serological tests

§  Precipitation (Gel: Single and Ouchterlony double diffusion)

§  Agglutination (Slide, Tube, Latex and Haemagglutination)

§  Neutralization test

§  ELISA

§  Immunoelectrophoresis

§  Immunoflourescence technique

§  Immunochromatographic technique

§  Complement fixation test

6.      Hypersensitivity reactions (Montoux test, Allergy test)

7.      Blood grouping from forensic samples

MB 506 Practical on (MB 503 + MB 504)

Course Title: Practical on (MB 503 + MB 504)                                             Full Marks: 50

Course No.: MB 506                                                                                       Pass Marks: 25

Nature of Course: Practical (2 credits)                                                           Semester: I

Course Contents

Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology

1.      Nucleus staining (Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells)

2.      Nucleic acid Extraction- Extraction and purification of chromosomal and plasmid DNA from bacteria, Extraction and purification of DNA from yeast cells, Extraction and purification of RNA from Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, Extraction of DNA from biological samples (viscera, body fluids, hair, skin, nails) for forensic analysis

3.      Confirmation of DNA extraction by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

4.      DNA transformation experiments

5.      Detection and isolation of mutants

6.      Plasmid profiling, PCR, Blotting techniques

Biochemistry and Biotechnology

Biochemistry

1.         Preparation of different solutions and buffer

2.         Titration curves of amino acids

3.         Qualitative tests for characterization of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

4.         Quantitative tests for characterization of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

5.         Identification of unknown carbohydrates

6.         Isolation of protein

7.         Study effect of pH, temperature and effectors on enzyme activity

8.         Determination of enzyme kinetics Km and Vmax

9.         Quantitative determination of blood sugar, cholesterol level, total protein, albumin

10.     Determination of enzyme activities: ALT, GOT, amylase

11.     Extraction of glycogen from liver

12.     Separation of amino acids by single and double ascending paper chromatography

13.     Separation characterization of sugars, amino acids and lipids by thin layer chromatography

14.     Separation of amino acids and proteins by ion-exchange chromatography

15.     Identification of drugs using chromatographic techniques for drug abuse cases, samples (blood, urine)

16.     Analysis of serum proteins by Electrophoresis

17.     Determination of molecular weight of proteins by SDS-PAGE

18.     Purification proteins by Gel filtration

19.     Analysis of biomolecules/bioactive compounds using colorimetry, spectrophotometry and fluorimetry

20.     Analysis of body fluids (saliva, urine, blood, CSF, semen, tears) for forensic biology

Biotechnology

 1.      Isolation and identification of Bacillus thuriengiensis and purification of crystal protein

2.      Production, purification and characterization of industrially important enzymes of microbial origin

3.      Production, separation, partial purification and characterization of antimicrobial compounds from Bacillus spp. and actinomycetes

4.      Production and purification of organic acids using microorganisms

5.      Alcohol production and quality assessment

6.      Forensic analysis of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages

7.      Field visit to industries