Monday, November 30, 2009

Landmark events in the development of microbiology since 1590-2000 in chronological form

Landmark events in the development of microbiology since 1590-2000 in chronological form

Contributor

Year

Contribution

Jansen & Jansen

1590

A crude but useful microscope

Leeuwenhoek

1677

Discovered "animalcules"

Muller

1786

First classification of bacteria

Edward Jenner

1798

Smallpox vaccination

Louis Pasteur

1857

Lactic acid fermentation due to a microorganism

Louis Pasteur

1860

Alcoholic fermentation by yeast

Louis Pasteur

1864

Settled spontaneous generation controversy

Joseph Lister

1867

Antiseptic principles in surgery

F. Cohn

1876

Discovery of endospores

Robert Koch

1876-77

Demonstrated that anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis

Burill

1878

Phytopathogenic nature of bacteria

Robert Koch

1881

Methods of study of bacteria in pure culture

Robert Koch

1882

Discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as cause of tuberculosis

E. Metchnikoff

1882

Phagocytosis

Robert Koch

1884

Koch's postulates

Christian Gram

1884

Gram-staining method

C. Chamberland

1884

Construction of porcelain bacterial filter

Louis Pasteur

1885

Rabies vaccine

Richard Petri

1887

Petri dish (plate)

S. Winogradsky

1889

Concept of chemolithotrophy

M. Beijerinck

1889

Isolation of root nodule bacteria

Behring & Kitasato

1890

Diphtheria antitoxin

Ivanowsky

1892

Evidence for virus causation of Tobacco Mosaic Disease

Kitasato & Yersin

1894

Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague

M. Beijerinck

1899

Proved that a virus causes Tobacco Mosaic Disease

M. Beijerinck

1901

Enrichment Culture Method

K. Landsteiner

1902

Discovery of Human Blood Group

Schaudinn & Hoffman

1905

Treponema pallidum, the spirochete causing syhilis

Bordet & Gengou

1906

Hemophilus pertissis, causative agent of whooping cough

Paul Ehrlich

1910

Chemotherapeutic agent for syphilis

Francis Rous

1911

First cancer virus reported in chickens

F.W. Twort

1915

Isolation of Bacteria infecting virus

De Herelle

1917

Coined the term 'Bacteriophage'

T. Svedberg

1923

Ultracentrifuge

F. Griffith

1928

Transformation in bacteria

A. Fleming

1929

Antibiotic Penicillin

Knoll & Ruska

1932

Electron microscope

M. Schiesinger

1933

First successful isolation of a virus, the bacteriophage-WLL

W.M. Stanley

1935

Isolation of TMV in its purest crystalline form

Bawden & Pirie

1937

Mating type in Paramecium

Fllis & Delbruck

1939

Mutation in virus; molecular genetics of bacteriophages begin

Kausche et al.

1939

Electron micrography of TMV

Beadle & Tatum

1941

Enunciation of one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

Luria & Delbruck

1943

Spontaneous mutation in bacteria

Avery, Macleod & Mc Carty

1944

DNA is hereditary material

Lederberg & Tatum

1946

Conjugation in E. coli.

J. Enders

1949

First successful cultivation of a virus (polio) in tissue culture

Zinder and Lederberg

1952

Transduction in Salmonella bacterium

Harshey & Chase

1952

DNA of Bacteriophage is infective (enters the host cell) and not the protein

Watson & Crick

1953

Double helix model of DNA

S. Benzer

1955

Gene having criston, recon, muton

Fraenkel-conrat Williams

1955

Reconstitution of crystallized TMV

Gierer & Schramm

1956

Infectivity of TMV resides in its RNA and its genetical competence

Issacs & Lindermann

1957

Discovery of Interferons

Salk & Sabine

1957

Discovery of first successful vaccine against polio

Jacob & Wollman

1959

Single chromosome of E. coli with circular configuration

Jacob & Monod

1961

Operon concept of gene regulation

Fiers & Sinsheimer

1962

Discovery of bacteriophage φ ϰ174, a virus having single-stranded DNA

H.D. Kumar

1962

Genetic recombination in Anacystis nidulans, a cyanobacterium (then called blue green algae)

Safferman & Morris

1963

Discovery of cyanophages

J. Cairns

1963

Semi-conservative mode of replication of genetic material in E. coli.

W. Arber et al.

1965-68

Restriction endonucleases in E. coli

R.W. Holley et al.

1965

Determination of complete nucleotide sequence in alanyl t-RNA of yeasts

H.G. Khorana & Coworkers

1970

Total synthesis of gene for yeast alanyle t-RNA, beginning of genetic engineering

T.O. Diener

1971

Discovery of viroids

Boyer et al.

1972-73

Development of DNA cloning technique

Kohler & Milstein

1975

Monoclonal antibodies

Woese & Fox

1977

Recognition of Archaea as a distinct microbial group

Nathans, Smith and Arber

1978

Restriction enzymes and their application to molecular biology

T.W. Randles et al.

1981

Discovery of virusoids

S. Prusiner

1981

Characterization of Prions

Lue Montagnier

1983

Discovery of HIV, the cause of AIDS

H.D. Kumar & Ueda

1984

First report on conjugation in a Cyanobacterium, namely Anacystis nidulans

Mullis

1983-84

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Mullis

1986

First vaccine (hepatitis B. vaccine) produced by genetic engineering approved for human use.

Venter & Smith

1995

Complete sequence of a bacterial genome

Heidi Schulz

1997

Discovery of Thiomargarita namibiensis, the largest known bacterium

Edward Delong

2000

Discovery of marine Archaea, proteorhodopsin and other aspects of prokaryotic marine life

Edward Delong

2000

Discovery that Vibrio cholerae has two separate chromosomes.

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