Sunday, November 3, 2019

MID Summary

MID Course at ITM, Antwerp, Belgium
Molecular data on Infectious Diseases:
One of the very useful course for those all who are doing molecular works for their researches. The course was divided into two parts. One is the online course credited for 10. Those who successfully passed the online course were selected for face to face program. Only one third of people passing online will attend the face to face program of 21 days at Institute of Tropical medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. Few glimpses of MID course at ITM, Antwerp was summarized with photos.

Photograph 1: Welcome at ITM, Antwerp for the course on the first day

Photograph 2: Poster presentation on current research on the first day

Photograph 3: Attending classes

Photograph 4: Visit to different faculties at ITM

Photograph 5: Visit to Bio-Cartis 

Photograph 6: Inside the Bio-Cartis Company

Photograph 7: Visit to Beer factory, Brouwerij Het Anker, enjoying beer

Photograph 8: Course Dinner, enjoying horse meat with wine

Photograph 9: MID Workaholic title during course dinner

Photograph 10: Taking exam 

Photograph 11: Group Discussion

Photograph 12: Final Presentation on RECUR project

Photograph 13: Honoring group coaches with Nepali Pasmina

Photograph 14: Graduation day

Photograph 15: The last group photo

Photograph 16: Enjoying farewell dinner with friends from different countries

Photograph 17: RECUR project photo with group coach Eline

Photograph 18: Enjoying final drinks with friends

Photograph 19: Sharing moments with Ethiopian and Pakistani friends

Posted by Upendra THAPA SHRESTHA at 7:04 AM 20 comments
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Thursday, October 31, 2019

Viral Infections


Clinical characteristics
The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:
Type
Family; Classification
Transmission
Diseases
Treatment
Prevention
Adenovirus
Adenoviridae; Group I (dsDNA, non-enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         fecal-oral
·         venereal
·         direct eye contact
·         gastroenteritis
·         keratoconjunctivitis
·         pharyngitis
·         croup
·         pharyngoconjunctival fever
·         pneumonia
·         pneumonia
·         cystitis
None
·         Adenovirus vaccine
·         hand washing
·         covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus
Picornaviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, non-enveloped)
·         fecal-oral
·         respiratory droplet contact
·         Hand, foot and mouth disease
·         pleurodynia
·         aseptic meningitis
·         pericarditis
·         myocarditis
None
·         hand washing
·         covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
·         avoiding contaminated food/water
·         improved sanitation
Epstein–Barr virus
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)
·         saliva
·         infectious mononucleosis
·         Burkitt's lymphoma
·         Hodgkin's lymphoma
·         nasopharyngeal carcinoma
None
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus
Picornaviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, non-enveloped)
·         fecal-oral
·         acute hepatitis
Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)
·         Hepatitis A vaccine
·         avoiding contaminated food/water
·         improved sanitation
Hepatitis B virus
Hepadnaviridae Group VII (+ dsDNA-RT, enveloped)
·         bodily fluids
Vertical and sexual
·         acute hepatitis
·         chronic hepatitis
·         hepatic cirrhosis
·         hepatocellular carcinoma
·         Lamivudine
·         immunoglobulin
·         Adefovir
·         Entecavir
·         Pegylated interferon alfa-2
·         Hepatitis B vaccine
·         immunoglobulin (perinatal and post-exposure prophylaxis)
·         avoiding shared needles/syringes
·         safe sex
Hepatitis C virus
Flaviviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, enveloped)
·         blood
·         sexual contact
·         acute hepatitis
·         chronic hepatitis
·         hepatic cirrhosis
·         hepatocellular carcinoma
·         Ribavirin
·         Pegylated interferon alfa-2
·         avoiding shared needles/syringes
·         safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 1
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)
·         direct contact
·         saliva
·         herpes labialis, cold sores - can recur by latency
·         gingivostomatitis in children
·         tonsillitis & pharyngitis in adults
·         keratoconjunctivitis[3]
·         acyclovir
·         famciclovir
·         foscarnet
·         penciclovir
·         avoiding close contact with lesions
·         safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)
·         sexual contact
·         vertical transmission
·         Skin vesicles, mucosal ulcers, Oral and/or genital
Can be latent
·         Aseptic meningitis
·         acyclovir
·         famciclovir
·         foscarnet
·         penciclovir
·         cidofovir
·         avoiding close contact with lesions
·         safe sex
Cytomegalovirus
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)
·         vertical transmission
·         bodily fluids
·         infectious mononucleosis
·         Cytomegalic inclusion disease
·         Premature birth
·         liver, lung and spleen diseases in the newborn
·         Small size at birth
·         Small head size
·         congenital seizures in the newborn
·         ganciclovir
·         cidofovir
·         foscarnet
·         hand washing
·         avoid sharing food and drinks with others
·         safe sex
Human herpesvirus, type 8
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)
·         Saliva
·         Sexual
·         Kaposi sarcoma
·         multicentric Castleman disease
·         primary effusion lymphoma
many in evaluation-stage
·         avoid close contact with lesions
·         safe sex
HIV
Retroviridae Group VI (ssRNA-RT, enveloped)
·         sexual contact
·         blood
·         breast milk
·         vertical transmission
·         AIDS
HAART, such as protease inhibitors and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
·         zidovudine(perinatally)
·         blood product screening
·         safe sex
·         avoiding shared needles/syringes
Influenza virus
Orthomyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         influenza
·         (Reye syndrome)
·         amantadine
·         rimantadine
·         zanamivir
·         oseltamivir
·         influenza vaccine
·         amantadine
·         rimantadine
·         hand washing
·         covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Measles virus
Paramyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         measles
·         postinfectious encephalomyelitis
None
·         MMR vaccine
·         quarantining the sick
·         avoiding contact with the sick
Mumps virus
Paramyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         mumps
None[3]
·         MMR vaccine
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Human papillomavirus
Papillomaviridae Group I (dsRNA, non-enveloped)
·         direct contact
·         sexual contact
·         vertical transmission
·         hyperplastic epithelial lesions (common, flat, plantar and anogenital warts, laryngeal papillomas, epidermodysplasia verruciformis)
·         Malignancies for some species (cervical carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas)
·         liquid nitrogen
·         laser vaporization
·         cytotoxic chemicals
·         interferon
·         cidofovir
·         HPV vaccine
·         avoiding close contact with lesions
·         safe sex
Parainfluenza virus
Paramyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         croup
·         pneumonia
·         bronchiolitis
·         common cold
None
·         hand washing
·         covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Poliovirus
Picornaviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, non-enveloped)
·         fecal-oral
·         poliomyelitis
None
·         Polio vaccine
·         avoiding contaminated food and water
·         improved sanitation
Rabies virus
Rhabdoviridae Group V (- ssRNA, enveloped)
·         animal bite
·         droplet contact
·         rabies (fatal encephalitis)
Post-exposure prophylaxis
·         rabies vaccine
·         avoiding rabid animals
Respiratory syncytial virus
Paramyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         hand to mouth
·         bronchiolitis
·         pneumonia
·         influenza-like syndrome
·         severe bronchiolitis with pneumonia[3]
(ribavirin)
·         hand washing
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
·         palivizumab in high risk individuals
·         covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Rubella virus
Togaviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, enveloped)
·         Respiratory droplet contact
·         congenital rubella
·         German measles
None
·         MMR vaccine
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Varicella-zoster virus
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         direct contact
·         chickenpox
·         herpes zoster
·         Congenital varicella syndrome
Varicella:
·         acyclovir
·         famciclovir
·         valacyclovir
Zoster:
·         acyclovir
·         famciclovir
Varicella:
·         varicella vaccine
·         varicella-zoster immunoglobulin
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Zoster:
·         vaccine
·         varicella-zoster immunoglobulin


Posted by Upendra THAPA SHRESTHA at 8:09 AM 12 comments

Bacteria in Photos

Bacteria in Photos