Table 1: List of malaria vaccines
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Type of Vaccines
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Name:
Compositions
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Beneficial / Limitations
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Pre-erythrocytic vaccines
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1. RTS,S/AS01E
·
Adenovirus (Ad35) vectored
circumsporozoite (CS) protein in prime boost with RTS,S/AS01E
·
Multiple epitope constructs
(ME-TRAP); a pre-erythrocytic fusion antigen consisting of 17 B-cell, CD4+,
CD8+ T cell epitopes of 6 Pf antigens fused to the T9/96 allele of TRAP
(Thrombospondin related adhesion protein)
|
·
Only the vaccine in Phase 3
clinical trial
·
Low efficacy but decreases
mortality
|
|
2. AdCh63/MVA ME-TRAP
·
Simian Adenovirus (Ad35) encoding
ME-TRAP boosted with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)
|
·
Long lasting CD8+ T cell
responses
|
|
3. Polyepitope DNA EP1300
·
DNA vaccine includes multiple
epitopes with linker sequences from four pre-erythrocytic antigens CS,
SSP2/TRAP, liver stage antigen-1 (LSA-1) and Exported protein-1 (EP-1)
|
·
Immunogenicity is not enhanced in
human as compared to animals
|
|
4. PfSPZ
·
Metabolically active
non-replicating malaria sporozoite vaccine (Pf sporozoites prepared by
thawing from liquid nitrogen)
|
·
Not protective but need to
revised in terms of dose and route of administration
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|
5. Genetically Attenuated sporozoites-GAS
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·
Safe and immunogenic
|
|
6. FP9 CS/MVA CS
·
Attenuated fowl pox strain (FP9)
expressing CS protein boosted with MVA coding CS protein
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·
Didn’t boost the T-cell response
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7. DNA CS/MVA CS
·
Plasmid DNA encoding CS protein
replace fowl pox strain (FP9) boosted with MVA coding CS protein
|
·
Modest T-cell response
|
|
8. RTS,S/AS02 + MVA CS
·
Boosting RTS,S/AS02 with MVA
encoding CS
|
·
Greater CMI response
·
|
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9. CS DNA Immunization or VCL-2510
·
Gene for full length CS protein
in Plasmid DNA
|
·
No anti-CS antibodies
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10. MUST DO5
·
Multi-Stage DNA vaccine operation
5 antigens
·
5 antigens; CS, SSP2/TRAP, LSA-1,
LSA-3 and EP-1 adjuvanted with GM-CSF (Granulocyte Macrophage colony
stimulating factor)
|
·
No efficacy
|
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11. DNA CS / RTS,S/AS02
·
DNA vaccine VCL-2510 containing
full length CS gene and adjuvanted with RTS,S/AS02
|
·
No significant improvement than
using alone
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12. RTS,S/AS02 TRAP
·
Combination of CS with TRAP
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·
Improve efficacy
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13. HepB Core Ag CS VLP
·
Also called ICC-1132 or
Malariavax
·
Hepatis B core antigen modified
to include B-cell and 2 CD4+ epitopes of CS protein
|
·
No efficacy to sporozoites
|
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14. PfCS102
·
Chemically synthesized Pf CS
protein with C-terminus (Amino acids 282-383)
|
·
Don’t reduce parasitemia
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15. FP9/MVA polyprotein
·
Prime Boosting with FP9 and MVA
viruses with six antigens polyprotein (STARP, TRAP, LSA-1, LSA-3, Pfs16 and
EP-1)
|
·
Low efficacy with sporozoite challenge
|
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16. FMP011/AS01B
·
LAS-1 E. coli expressed
evaluated with AS01B and AS02A
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·
Associated with acute coronary
syndrome
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|
|
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Blood Stage (Erythrocytic)
vaccines
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1. AdCh63/MVA MSP-1
·
Pf Merozoite Surface Protein-1
(MSP-1) expressed and boosted with AdCh63 and MVA vectors
|
·
Low IgG response
|
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2. FMP010/AS01B
·
E. coli expressing FVO allele 42kD C terminus of MSP-1 and
adjuvants AS01B
|
·
Good immunogenicity but
inadequate clinical efficacy
|
|
3. FMP2.1/AS02A
·
FMP2.1, in which E. coli
expressed Apical membrane antigen (AMA-1) and adjuvant AS02A
|
·
Strong Th-2 biased response
|
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4. FMP2.1/AS01B
·
FMP2.1, in which E. coli
expressed Apical membrane antigen (AMA-1) and adjuvant AS01B
|
·
Adverse effect (rashes after 18
days of vaccination)
|
|
5. AMA-C1/Alhydrogel + CPG 7909
·
Pichia pastoris expressed Apical membrane antigen (AMA-1) with both
FVO and 3D7 strains and adjuvants Alhydrogel + CPG 7909
|
·
Reduction of hemoglobin
·
|
|
6. AdCh63 AMA-1/MVA AMA-1
·
Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1)
expressed and boosted with AdCh63 and MVA vectors
|
·
CD4+ responses are higher than
CD8+ response
|
|
7. EBA175RII
·
Erythrocyte binding antigen (EBA)
in merozoites and highly conserved region of Pf
|
·
Safe and immunogenic
|
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8. SERA5
·
Blood stage antigen in
trophozoites and schizonts (SE36 expressed in E. coli acts as fragment
of SERA5 antigen)
|
·
Safe and 100% seroconversion
|
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9. BSAM-2/Alhydrogel +CPG
·
combination vaccine including MSP1 and
AMA1 components. It contains a mixture of recombinant proteins with equal
parts P. pastoris expressing FVO and
3D7 strains of AMA1 and E. coli expressing the FVO and 3D7 strains of MSP1.
|
·
Under evaluation
|
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10. JAIVAC
·
This combination vaccine consists of MSP1
and EBA175, each of which is an E. coli expressed recombinant protein adjuvanted with Montanide
ISA 720
|
·
Synergistic effects
|
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11. GMZ2
·
L. lactis expressed recombinant
fusion protein of glutamate rich protein (GLURP) and MSP-3 adjuvanted with
Al(OH)3
|
·
Acceptable safety
·
Both IgG and memory B cell
response
|
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12. Combination B (RESA, MSP-1, MSP-2)
13. FMP1/AS02A
14. MSP-1-C1/AlOH/AlOH + CPG
15. MSP2-C1/ISA720
16. AMA1-C1/ISA720
17. AMA-FVO
18. PfCP2.9
|
·
Already terminated (No succeed)
|
|
|
|
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Gametocyte (Transmission
Blocking) Vaccines
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1. Pfs25
·
Ookinete surface protein Pfs25
·
The antigen preparations including ookinete surface protein Pfs25, and the gametocyte
antigens Pfs48/45 and Pfs230 are used in the TBV vaccines. Pfs25 was the first antigen to progress clinically but the reactogenicity
was found to be very low.
|
·
Low reactogenicity
|
|
2. Pfs48/45 and Pfs230
·
Contain the gametocyte antigens
Pfs48/45 and Pfs230
|
·
Low reactogenicity
|
|
|
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Combined Vaccines
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1. NMRC-M3V-D/Ad-PfCA Prime/Boost and NMRC-M3V-Ad-PfCA
·
DNA based vaccine containing CS
antigen with AMA-1 antigen boosted with Adenovirus-5-vectors
|
·
Increase CD8+ T cell response but
no sterile protection
|
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2. CS AMA1 Virosomes
·
Synthetic peptide vaccines
·
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)
conjugates on the surface of immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza
virosomes (PEV301 and PEV302)
|
·
No sterile protection
|
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3. SPf66
·
Synthetic polypeptide vaccine
consisting of CS and merozoites protein1 (MSP1) epitopes adjuvanted with alum
|
·
Low vaccine efficacy
|
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4. RTS,S/AS02 (CS) and FMP-1/AS02 (MSP1)
·
Mixing RTS,S/AS02 (CS) and
FMP-1/AS02 (MSP1) with both CS and MSP1 antigens
|
·
FMP1 gave no protection in the
challenge model
|
|
|
|
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P. vivax Vaccines
|
1. PvCSP
·
Circumsporozoite protein from P.
vivax
|
·
Under clinical trails
|
|
2. ChAd63-MVA PvDBP RII and PvDBP RII/GLA-SE
·
Extracellular, cysteine-rich
region II (P. vivax Duffy-binding protein; PvDBP_RII)
|
·
Under clinical trails
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