Viral Diseases and its control measure

List of Epidemic Viral Diseases of Man
Following is the list of such important disease of man that appears in epidemic form:

Disease	Pathogen	Infection Sources	Reservoirs	Control Measures
German Measles	Rubella virus	Human cases	Humans	Immunization; avoid contact between infected individuals and pregnant women
Influenza	Influenza virus	Human cases	Humans, animals	Immunization
Measles	Measles virus	Human cases	humans	Immunization
Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS)	Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV)	Infected body fluids, especially blood and semen	Humans	Treatment with reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors (not curative)
Rabies	Rabies virus	Bite by carnivores	Wild and domestic carnivores	Avoid animal bites; immunization of animals handlers and exposed individuals
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome	Hantavirus	Inhalation of contaminated fecal matter; contact	Rodents	Control of rodent population and exposure
Hemorrhagic fever	Ebola virus	Infected body fluids	Unknown fluids	Quarantine of active cases
Hepatitis	Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E	Infected humans	Humans	Decontamination of contaminated fluids and formites, immunization if available

Bacterial Diseases and its control measure

List of Epidemic Bacterial Diseases of Man

Following is the list of important epidemic disease of man caused by bacterial pathogens:

Disease	Pathogen	Infection Sources	Reservoir	Control Measures
Plague	Yersinia pestis	Bite by flea	Wild rodents	Control rodent populations, immunization
Rocky Mountain spotted fever	Rickettsia rickettsii	Bite by infected tick	Ticks, rabbits, mice	Avoid tick exposure; treat infected individuals with antibiotics
Psittacosis	Chlamydia psittaci	Contact with birds or bird excrement	Wild and domestic birds	Avoid contact with birds; treat infected individuals with antibiotic
Chlamydia	Chlamydia trachomatis	Urethral, vaginal, and anal secretions	Humans	Testing for organism during routine pelvic examinations; chemotherapy of carriers and potential contacts; case tracing and treatment
Gonorrhoea	Neisseria gonorrhoeae	Urethral and vaginal secretions	Humans	Chemotherapy of carriers and potential contacts; case tracing and treatment
Syphilis	Treponema pallidum	Infected exudates or blood	Humans	Identification by serologicall tests; antibiotic treatment of seropositive individuals
Meningicoccal meningitis	Neisseria meningitidis	Humans cases and carriers	Humans	Exposure treated with sulfadiazine for susceptible strains
Pneumococcal pneumonia	Streptococcus pneumoniae	Human carriers	Humans	Antibiotic treatment; isolation of cases for period of communicability
Tuberculosis	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Sputum human cases; contaminated milk	Humans, cattle	Treatment with isoniazid; pasteurization of milk
Whooping cough	Bordetella pertussis	Human cases	Humans	Immunization; case isolation
Diphtheria	Corynebacterium diphtheriae	Human cases and carriers; infected food and fomites	humans	Immunization; quarantine of infected individuals
Legionnaire’s disease	Legionella pneumophila	Contaminated water	High moisture environments	Decontamination of air conditioning cooling towers, etc.
Paratyphoid	Salmonella paratyphi	Fecal contamination of food and water	Humans	Decontamination of public water sources; oversight of food handles; immunization
Typhoid fever	Salmonella typhi	Fecal contamination of food of food and water	Humans	Decontamination of public water sources; oversight of food handlers; pasteurization of milk; immunization
Tularemia	Salmonella typhi	Fecal contamination of food and water	Humans	Decontamination of public water sources; oversight of food handlers; pasteurization of milk; immunization
Anthrax	Bacillus anthracis	Milk or meat from infected animals	Cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses	Destruction of infected animals
Bacillary dysentry	Shigella dysenteriae	Fecal contamination of food and water	Humans	Detection and control of carriers; oversight of food handlers; decontamination of water supplies
Botulism	Clostridium botulinum	Soil contaminated food	Soil	Proper preservation of milk; control of infection in animals
Brucellosis	Brucella melitensis	Milk or meat from infected animals	Cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses	Pasteurization of milk; control of infection in animals
Cholera	Vibrio cholerae	Fecal contamination of food and water	Humans	Decontamination of public water sources; immunization
E. coli 0157 : H7 food infection	Escherichia coli O157 : H7	Fecal contamination of food and water	Humans, cattle	Decontamination of public water sources; oversight of food handlers; pasteurization of beverages
Epidemic typhus	Rickettsia prowazekii	Bite by infected louse	Humans, lice	Control louse Population
Lyme disease	Borrelia burgdorferi	Bite from infected tick	Rodents, deer, ticks	Avoid tick exposures; treat infected individuals with antibiotics

Landmark events in the development of microbiology since 1590-2000 in chronological form

Landmark events in the development of microbiology since 1590-2000 in chronological form

Contributor	Year	Contribution
Jansen & Jansen	1590	A crude but useful microscope
Leeuwenhoek	1677	Discovered "animalcules"
Muller	1786	First classification of bacteria
Edward Jenner	1798	Smallpox vaccination
Louis Pasteur	1857	Lactic acid fermentation due to a microorganism
Louis Pasteur	1860	Alcoholic fermentation by yeast
Louis Pasteur	1864	Settled spontaneous generation controversy
Joseph Lister	1867	Antiseptic principles in surgery
F. Cohn	1876	Discovery of endospores
Robert Koch	1876-77	Demonstrated that anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis
Burill	1878	Phytopathogenic nature of bacteria
Robert Koch	1881	Methods of study of bacteria in pure culture
Robert Koch	1882	Discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as cause of tuberculosis
E. Metchnikoff	1882	Phagocytosis
Robert Koch	1884	Koch's postulates
Christian Gram	1884	Gram-staining method
C. Chamberland	1884	Construction of porcelain bacterial filter
Louis Pasteur	1885	Rabies vaccine
Richard Petri	1887	Petri dish (plate)
S. Winogradsky	1889	Concept of chemolithotrophy
M. Beijerinck	1889	Isolation of root nodule bacteria
Behring & Kitasato	1890	Diphtheria antitoxin
Ivanowsky	1892	Evidence for virus causation of Tobacco Mosaic Disease
Kitasato & Yersin	1894	Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague
M. Beijerinck	1899	Proved that a virus causes Tobacco Mosaic Disease
M. Beijerinck	1901	Enrichment Culture Method
K. Landsteiner	1902	Discovery of Human Blood Group
Schaudinn & Hoffman	1905	Treponema pallidum, the spirochete causing syhilis
Bordet & Gengou	1906	Hemophilus pertissis, causative agent of whooping cough
Paul Ehrlich	1910	Chemotherapeutic agent for syphilis
Francis Rous	1911	First cancer virus reported in chickens
F.W. Twort	1915	Isolation of Bacteria infecting virus
De Herelle	1917	Coined the term 'Bacteriophage'
T. Svedberg	1923	Ultracentrifuge
F. Griffith	1928	Transformation in bacteria
A. Fleming	1929	Antibiotic Penicillin
Knoll & Ruska	1932	Electron microscope
M. Schiesinger	1933	First successful isolation of a virus, the bacteriophage-WLL
W.M. Stanley	1935	Isolation of TMV in its purest crystalline form
Bawden & Pirie	1937	Mating type in Paramecium
Fllis & Delbruck	1939	Mutation in virus; molecular genetics of bacteriophages begin
Kausche et al.	1939	Electron micrography of TMV
Beadle & Tatum	1941	Enunciation of one gene-one enzyme hypothesis
Luria & Delbruck	1943	Spontaneous mutation in bacteria
Avery, Macleod & Mc Carty	1944	DNA is hereditary material
Lederberg & Tatum	1946	Conjugation in E. coli.
J. Enders	1949	First successful cultivation of a virus (polio) in tissue culture
Zinder and Lederberg	1952	Transduction in Salmonella bacterium
Harshey & Chase	1952	DNA of Bacteriophage is infective (enters the host cell) and not the protein
Watson & Crick	1953	Double helix model of DNA
S. Benzer	1955	Gene having criston, recon, muton
Fraenkel-conrat Williams	1955	Reconstitution of crystallized TMV
Gierer & Schramm	1956	Infectivity of TMV resides in its RNA and its genetical competence
Issacs & Lindermann	1957	Discovery of Interferons
Salk & Sabine	1957	Discovery of first successful vaccine against polio
Jacob & Wollman	1959	Single chromosome of E. coli with circular configuration
Jacob & Monod	1961	Operon concept of gene regulation
Fiers & Sinsheimer	1962	Discovery of bacteriophage φ ϰ174, a virus having single-stranded DNA
H.D. Kumar	1962	Genetic recombination in Anacystis nidulans, a cyanobacterium (then called blue green algae)
Safferman & Morris	1963	Discovery of cyanophages
J. Cairns	1963	Semi-conservative mode of replication of genetic material in E. coli.
W. Arber et al.	1965-68	Restriction endonucleases in E. coli
R.W. Holley et al.	1965	Determination of complete nucleotide sequence in alanyl t-RNA of yeasts
H.G. Khorana & Coworkers	1970	Total synthesis of gene for yeast alanyle t-RNA, beginning of genetic engineering
T.O. Diener	1971	Discovery of viroids
Boyer et al.	1972-73	Development of DNA cloning technique
Kohler & Milstein	1975	Monoclonal antibodies
Woese & Fox	1977	Recognition of Archaea as a distinct microbial group
Nathans, Smith and Arber	1978	Restriction enzymes and their application to molecular biology
T.W. Randles et al.	1981	Discovery of virusoids
S. Prusiner	1981	Characterization of Prions
Lue Montagnier	1983	Discovery of HIV, the cause of AIDS
H.D. Kumar & Ueda	1984	First report on conjugation in a Cyanobacterium, namely Anacystis nidulans
Mullis	1983-84	Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Mullis	1986	First vaccine (hepatitis B. vaccine) produced by genetic engineering approved for human use.
Venter & Smith	1995	Complete sequence of a bacterial genome
Heidi Schulz	1997	Discovery of Thiomargarita namibiensis, the largest known bacterium
Edward Delong	2000	Discovery of marine Archaea, proteorhodopsin and other aspects of prokaryotic marine life
Edward Delong	2000	Discovery that Vibrio cholerae has two separate chromosomes.