Viral Infections

Clinical characteristics

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

Type	Family; Classification	Transmission	Diseases	Treatment	Prevention
Adenovirus	Adenoviridae; Group I (dsDNA, non-enveloped)	·         droplet contact ·         fecal-oral ·         venereal ·         direct eye contact	·         gastroenteritis ·         keratoconjunctivitis ·         pharyngitis ·         croup ·         pharyngoconjunctival fever ·         pneumonia ·         pneumonia ·         cystitis	None	·         Adenovirus vaccine ·         hand washing ·         covering mouth when coughing or sneezing ·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus	Picornaviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, non-enveloped)	·         fecal-oral ·         respiratory droplet contact	·         Hand, foot and mouth disease ·         pleurodynia ·         aseptic meningitis ·         pericarditis ·         myocarditis	None	·         hand washing ·         covering mouth when coughing/sneezing ·         avoiding contaminated food/water ·         improved sanitation
Epstein–Barr virus	Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)	·         saliva	·         infectious mononucleosis ·         Burkitt's lymphoma ·         Hodgkin's lymphoma ·         nasopharyngeal carcinoma	None	·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus	Picornaviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, non-enveloped)	·         fecal-oral	·         acute hepatitis	Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)	·         Hepatitis A vaccine ·         avoiding contaminated food/water ·         improved sanitation
Hepatitis B virus	Hepadnaviridae Group VII (+ dsDNA-RT, enveloped)	·         bodily fluids Vertical and sexual	·         acute hepatitis ·         chronic hepatitis ·         hepatic cirrhosis ·         hepatocellular carcinoma	·         Lamivudine ·         immunoglobulin ·         Adefovir ·         Entecavir ·         Pegylated interferon alfa-2	·         Hepatitis B vaccine ·         immunoglobulin (perinatal and post-exposure prophylaxis) ·         avoiding shared needles/syringes ·         safe sex
Hepatitis C virus	Flaviviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, enveloped)	·         blood ·         sexual contact	·         acute hepatitis ·         chronic hepatitis ·         hepatic cirrhosis ·         hepatocellular carcinoma	·         Ribavirin ·         Pegylated interferon alfa-2	·         avoiding shared needles/syringes ·         safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 1	Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)	·         direct contact ·         saliva	·         herpes labialis, cold sores - can recur by latency ·         gingivostomatitis in children ·         tonsillitis & pharyngitis in adults ·         keratoconjunctivitis[3]	·         acyclovir ·         famciclovir ·         foscarnet ·         penciclovir	·         avoiding close contact with lesions ·         safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2	Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)	·         sexual contact ·         vertical transmission	·         Skin vesicles, mucosal ulcers, Oral and/or genital Can be latent ·         Aseptic meningitis	·         acyclovir ·         famciclovir ·         foscarnet ·         penciclovir ·         cidofovir	·         avoiding close contact with lesions ·         safe sex
Cytomegalovirus	Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)	·         vertical transmission ·         bodily fluids	·         infectious mononucleosis ·         Cytomegalic inclusion disease ·         Premature birth ·         liver, lung and spleen diseases in the newborn ·         Small size at birth ·         Small head size ·         congenital seizures in the newborn	·         ganciclovir ·         cidofovir ·         foscarnet	·         hand washing ·         avoid sharing food and drinks with others ·         safe sex
Human herpesvirus, type 8	Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)	·         Saliva ·         Sexual	·         Kaposi sarcoma ·         multicentric Castleman disease ·         primary effusion lymphoma	many in evaluation-stage	·         avoid close contact with lesions ·         safe sex
HIV	Retroviridae Group VI (ssRNA-RT, enveloped)	·         sexual contact ·         blood ·         breast milk ·         vertical transmission	·         AIDS	HAART, such as protease inhibitors and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors	·         zidovudine(perinatally) ·         blood product screening ·         safe sex ·         avoiding shared needles/syringes
Influenza virus	Orthomyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)	·         droplet contact	·         influenza ·         (Reye syndrome)	·         amantadine ·         rimantadine ·         zanamivir ·         oseltamivir	·         influenza vaccine ·         amantadine ·         rimantadine ·         hand washing ·         covering mouth when coughing/sneezing ·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Measles virus	Paramyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)	·         droplet contact	·         measles ·         postinfectious encephalomyelitis	None	·         MMR vaccine ·         quarantining the sick ·         avoiding contact with the sick
Mumps virus	Paramyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)	·         droplet contact	·         mumps	None[3]	·         MMR vaccine ·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Human papillomavirus	Papillomaviridae Group I (dsRNA, non-enveloped)	·         direct contact ·         sexual contact ·         vertical transmission	·         hyperplastic epithelial lesions (common, flat, plantar and anogenital warts, laryngeal papillomas, epidermodysplasia verruciformis) ·         Malignancies for some species (cervical carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas)	·         liquid nitrogen ·         laser vaporization ·         cytotoxic chemicals ·         interferon ·         cidofovir	·         HPV vaccine ·         avoiding close contact with lesions ·         safe sex
Parainfluenza virus	Paramyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)	·         droplet contact	·         croup ·         pneumonia ·         bronchiolitis ·         common cold	None	·         hand washing ·         covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Poliovirus	Picornaviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, non-enveloped)	·         fecal-oral	·         poliomyelitis	None	·         Polio vaccine ·         avoiding contaminated food and water ·         improved sanitation
Rabies virus	Rhabdoviridae Group V (- ssRNA, enveloped)	·         animal bite ·         droplet contact	·         rabies (fatal encephalitis)	Post-exposure prophylaxis	·         rabies vaccine ·         avoiding rabid animals
Respiratory syncytial virus	Paramyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)	·         droplet contact ·         hand to mouth	·         bronchiolitis ·         pneumonia ·         influenza-like syndrome ·         severe bronchiolitis with pneumonia[3]	(ribavirin)	·         hand washing ·         avoiding close contact with the sick ·         palivizumab in high risk individuals ·         covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Rubella virus	Togaviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, enveloped)	·         Respiratory droplet contact	·         congenital rubella ·         German measles	None	·         MMR vaccine ·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Varicella-zoster virus	Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)	·         droplet contact ·         direct contact	·         chickenpox ·         herpes zoster ·         Congenital varicella syndrome	Varicella: ·         acyclovir ·         famciclovir ·         valacyclovir Zoster: ·         acyclovir ·         famciclovir	Varicella: ·         varicella vaccine ·         varicella-zoster immunoglobulin ·         avoiding close contact with the sick Zoster: ·         vaccine ·         varicella-zoster immunoglobulin