Landmark events in the development of microbiology since 1590-2000 in chronological form

Landmark events in the development of microbiology since 1590-2000 in chronological form

Contributor	Year	Contribution
Jansen & Jansen	1590	A crude but useful microscope
Leeuwenhoek	1677	Discovered "animalcules"
Muller	1786	First classification of bacteria
Edward Jenner	1798	Smallpox vaccination
Louis Pasteur	1857	Lactic acid fermentation due to a microorganism
Louis Pasteur	1860	Alcoholic fermentation by yeast
Louis Pasteur	1864	Settled spontaneous generation controversy
Joseph Lister	1867	Antiseptic principles in surgery
F. Cohn	1876	Discovery of endospores
Robert Koch	1876-77	Demonstrated that anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis
Burill	1878	Phytopathogenic nature of bacteria
Robert Koch	1881	Methods of study of bacteria in pure culture
Robert Koch	1882	Discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as cause of tuberculosis
E. Metchnikoff	1882	Phagocytosis
Robert Koch	1884	Koch's postulates
Christian Gram	1884	Gram-staining method
C. Chamberland	1884	Construction of porcelain bacterial filter
Louis Pasteur	1885	Rabies vaccine
Richard Petri	1887	Petri dish (plate)
S. Winogradsky	1889	Concept of chemolithotrophy
M. Beijerinck	1889	Isolation of root nodule bacteria
Behring & Kitasato	1890	Diphtheria antitoxin
Ivanowsky	1892	Evidence for virus causation of Tobacco Mosaic Disease
Kitasato & Yersin	1894	Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague
M. Beijerinck	1899	Proved that a virus causes Tobacco Mosaic Disease
M. Beijerinck	1901	Enrichment Culture Method
K. Landsteiner	1902	Discovery of Human Blood Group
Schaudinn & Hoffman	1905	Treponema pallidum, the spirochete causing syhilis
Bordet & Gengou	1906	Hemophilus pertissis, causative agent of whooping cough
Paul Ehrlich	1910	Chemotherapeutic agent for syphilis
Francis Rous	1911	First cancer virus reported in chickens
F.W. Twort	1915	Isolation of Bacteria infecting virus
De Herelle	1917	Coined the term 'Bacteriophage'
T. Svedberg	1923	Ultracentrifuge
F. Griffith	1928	Transformation in bacteria
A. Fleming	1929	Antibiotic Penicillin
Knoll & Ruska	1932	Electron microscope
M. Schiesinger	1933	First successful isolation of a virus, the bacteriophage-WLL
W.M. Stanley	1935	Isolation of TMV in its purest crystalline form
Bawden & Pirie	1937	Mating type in Paramecium
Fllis & Delbruck	1939	Mutation in virus; molecular genetics of bacteriophages begin
Kausche et al.	1939	Electron micrography of TMV
Beadle & Tatum	1941	Enunciation of one gene-one enzyme hypothesis
Luria & Delbruck	1943	Spontaneous mutation in bacteria
Avery, Macleod & Mc Carty	1944	DNA is hereditary material
Lederberg & Tatum	1946	Conjugation in E. coli.
J. Enders	1949	First successful cultivation of a virus (polio) in tissue culture
Zinder and Lederberg	1952	Transduction in Salmonella bacterium
Harshey & Chase	1952	DNA of Bacteriophage is infective (enters the host cell) and not the protein
Watson & Crick	1953	Double helix model of DNA
S. Benzer	1955	Gene having criston, recon, muton
Fraenkel-conrat Williams	1955	Reconstitution of crystallized TMV
Gierer & Schramm	1956	Infectivity of TMV resides in its RNA and its genetical competence
Issacs & Lindermann	1957	Discovery of Interferons
Salk & Sabine	1957	Discovery of first successful vaccine against polio
Jacob & Wollman	1959	Single chromosome of E. coli with circular configuration
Jacob & Monod	1961	Operon concept of gene regulation
Fiers & Sinsheimer	1962	Discovery of bacteriophage φ ϰ174, a virus having single-stranded DNA
H.D. Kumar	1962	Genetic recombination in Anacystis nidulans, a cyanobacterium (then called blue green algae)
Safferman & Morris	1963	Discovery of cyanophages
J. Cairns	1963	Semi-conservative mode of replication of genetic material in E. coli.
W. Arber et al.	1965-68	Restriction endonucleases in E. coli
R.W. Holley et al.	1965	Determination of complete nucleotide sequence in alanyl t-RNA of yeasts
H.G. Khorana & Coworkers	1970	Total synthesis of gene for yeast alanyle t-RNA, beginning of genetic engineering
T.O. Diener	1971	Discovery of viroids
Boyer et al.	1972-73	Development of DNA cloning technique
Kohler & Milstein	1975	Monoclonal antibodies
Woese & Fox	1977	Recognition of Archaea as a distinct microbial group
Nathans, Smith and Arber	1978	Restriction enzymes and their application to molecular biology
T.W. Randles et al.	1981	Discovery of virusoids
S. Prusiner	1981	Characterization of Prions
Lue Montagnier	1983	Discovery of HIV, the cause of AIDS
H.D. Kumar & Ueda	1984	First report on conjugation in a Cyanobacterium, namely Anacystis nidulans
Mullis	1983-84	Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Mullis	1986	First vaccine (hepatitis B. vaccine) produced by genetic engineering approved for human use.
Venter & Smith	1995	Complete sequence of a bacterial genome
Heidi Schulz	1997	Discovery of Thiomargarita namibiensis, the largest known bacterium
Edward Delong	2000	Discovery of marine Archaea, proteorhodopsin and other aspects of prokaryotic marine life
Edward Delong	2000	Discovery that Vibrio cholerae has two separate chromosomes.