LLIN Durability Study at Kavre and Sindhupalchok Districts

Photograph 1: Training on sample cutting of LLIN nets by Dr. Jeffrey Hii

Photograph 2: Observing the holes on used LLIN nets

Photograph 3: Interviewing local people through questionnaire 

Photograph 4: On Orientation program

MCQ form DNA and RNA structure

DNA-RNA MCQ

1. A peculiar cytochrome is observed in bacteria and it can react with molecular oxygen, what is it?

a. Cyt b            b. Cyt c

c. Cyt d            d. Cyt o

2. The genetic material in HIV is

a. ds DNA        b. ss DNA

c. s RNA d.      None of these

3. Which one of the following mutagens act only on replicating DNA?

a. Ethidium bromide    b. Nitrosogeranidine

c. Acridine orange       d. None of above

4. Poly A tail is frequently found in

a. Histone in RNA       b. Bacterial RNA

c. eukaryotic RNA       d. TRNA

5. Which of the following is an example of RNA virus?

a. SV 40                       b. T4 phage

c. Tobacco mosaic virus          d. Adeno virus

6. Genomic DNA is extracted, broken into fragments of reasonable size by a restriction endonuclease and then inserted into a cloning vector to generate chimeric vectors. The cloned fragments are called

a. Clones          b. Genomic library

c. mRNA         d. None of these

7. Transgenic animals are produced when GH gene fused with

a. MT gene       b. GH

c. GRF                         d. FIX

8. In which medium the hydridoma cells grow selectively?

a. Polyethylene glycol

b. Hypoxanthine aminopterin thyminine

c. Hypoxathing-guaning phosphoribosyl

transferase

d. Both b and c

9. The enzymes which are commonly used

in genetic engineering are

a. Exonuclease and ligase

b. Restriction endonuclease and polymerase

c. Ligase and polymerase

d. Restriction endonuclease and ligase

10. A successful hybridoma was produced by

fusing

a. Plasma cells and plasmids

b. Plasma cells and myeloma cells

c. Myeloma cells and plasmids

d. Plasma cells and bacterial cells

11. The technique involved in comparing the DNA components of two samples is known as

a. Monoclonal antibody techniques

b. Genetic finger printing

c. Recombinant DNA technology

d. Polymerase chain reaction

12. Plasmids are ideal vectors for gene cloning as

a. They can be multiplied by culturing

b. They can be multiplied in the laboratory using

enzymes

c. They can replicate freely outside the bacterial

cell

d. They are self replicating within the bacterial

cell

13. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in skin cells. How many autosomes would be expected in a kidney cell?

a. 46    b. 23

c. 47    d. 44

14. Pasteur effect is due to

a. Change from aerobic to anaerobic

b. Providing oxygen to anaerobically respiring

structures

c. Rapid utilization of ATP

d. Nonsynthesis of ATP

15. A mechanism that can cause a gene to move from one linkage group to another is

a.Trans location           b. Inversion

c. Crossing over           d. Duplication

16. The smallest unit of genetic material that can undergo mutation is called

a. Gene            b. Cistron

c. Replicon      d. Muton

17. The two chromatids of metaphase chrosome represent

a. Replicated chromosomes to be separated at

anaphase

b. Homologous chromosomes of a diploid set

c. Non-homologous chromosomes joined at the

centromere

d. Maternal and paternal chromosomes joined

at the centromere

18. Malate dehydrogenase enzyme is a

a. Transferase b. Hydrolase

c. Isomerase     d. Oxido reductase

19. In E. coli att site is in between

a. Gal and biogenes     b. Bio and niacin genes

c. Gal and B genes       d. None of these

20. The best vector for gene cloning

a. Relaxed control plasmid

b. Stringent control plasmid

c. Both a and b

d. None of these

21. A gene that takes part in the synthesis of polypeptide is

a. Structural gene         b. Regulator gene

c. Operator gene          d. Promoter gene

22. DNA replicates during

a. G1 – phase               b. S – phase

c. G2 – phase               d. M – phase

23. A human cell containing 22 autosome and a ‘Y’ chromosome is probably a

a. Male somatic cell     b. Zygote

c. Female somatic cell  d. Sperm cell

24. Crossing-over most commonly occurs during

a. Prophase I                b. Prophase II

c. Anaphase I               d. Telophase II

25. DNA-replication is by the mechanism of

a. Conservative                        b. Semiconservative

c. Dispersive                d. None of the above

26. Production of RNA from DNA is called

a. Translation               b. RNA splicing

c. Transcription            d. Transposition

27. Nucleic acids contain

a. Alanine                    b. Adenine

c. Lysine                      d. Arginine

28. What are the structural units of nucleic acids?

a. N-bases                    b. Nucleosides

c. Nucleotides              d. Histones

29. The most important function of a gene is to synthesize

a. Enzymes                  b. Hormones

c. RNA                        d. DNA

30. One of the genes present exclusively on the X-chromosome in humans is concerned with

a. Baldness

b. Red-green colour baldness

c. Facial hair/moustache in males

d. Night blindness

31. Peptide linkages are formed in between

a. Nucleotides              b. Amino acids

c. Glucose molecules   d. Sucrose

32. The nucleic acid of polio viruses is

a. DNA            b. RNA – (+) type

c. t-RNA          d. m-RNA

33. Rabies virus is

a. Nake RNA virus

b. Naked DNA virus

c. Enveloped RNA virus

d. Enveloped DNA virus

34. Example for DNA virus:

a. Polio virus                b. Adeno virus

c. Echo virus                d. Poty virus

35. In genetic engineering breaks in DNA are formed by enzymes known as

a. Restriction enzymes             b. Ligases

c. Nucleases                             d. Hydralases

36. DNA transfer from one bacterium to another through phages is termed as

a. Transduction                        b. Induction

c. Transfection                         d. Infection

37. Microorganisms usually make acetyl CO-A by oxidizing

a. Acetic acid               b. Pyruvic acid

c. α-ketoglutaric acid   d. Fumaric acid

38. The method of DNA replication proposed by Watson and Crick is

a. Semi conservative

b. Conservative

c. Dispersive

d. Rolling loop

39. The distance between each turn in the helical strand of DNA is

a. 20 A^o                       b. 34 A^o

c. 28 A^o                                   d. 42 A^o

40. Self-replicating, small circular DNA molecules present in bacterial cell are known

a. Plasmids                   b. Cosmids

c. Plasmomeros            d. plastides

41. Western blotting is the technique used in the determination of

a. RNA                        b. DNA

c. Proteins                    d. All of these

42. m RNA synthesis from DNA is termed

a. Transcription            b. Transformation

c. Translation               d. Replication

43. Western blotting is a technique used in the determination of

a. DNA                        b. RNA

c. Protein                     d. Polysaccharides

44. Building blocks of Nucleic acids are

a. Amino acids                         b. Nucleosides

c. Nucleotides              d. Nucleo proteins

45. DNA finger printing is based on

a. Repetitive sequences

b. Unique sequences

c. Amplified sequences

d. Non-coding sequences

46. The enzyme required for DNA from RNA template:

a. RNA polymerase

b. Reverse transcriptase

c. DNA polymerase

d. Terminal transferase

47. Double standard RNA is seen in

a. Reo virus                 b. Rhabdo virus

c. Parvo virus               d. Retro virus

48. Example for DNA viruses:

a. Adeno virus

b. Bacteriophage T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6

c. Papova virus

d. Herpes virus and cauliflower moisaic

e. All of the above

49. The following are the RNA viruses, except

a. Reo viruses

b. Retro viruses

c. Bacteriophage Φ C

d. Tmv and Bacteriophages Ms2, F2

e. Dahila mosaic virus and Bacteriophages Φ

× 174, M12, M13

50. The two strands of DNA are joined non covalently by

a. Ionic bonds

b. Covalent bonds

c. Hydrogen bonds between bases

d. Polar charges

51. The bases Adenine and Thymine are paired with

a. Double hydrogen bonds

b. Single hydrogen bonds

c. Triple hydrogen bonds

d. Both b and c

52. The no. of hydrogen bonds existing between Guanine and Cytosine are

a. 5                  b. 2

c. 3                  d. None of these

53. The length of each coil in DNA strand is

a. 15 Ao           b. 34 Ao

c. 30 Ao           d. 5 Ao

54. Nucleic acids are highly charged polymers due to

a. There is phosphodiester bond between 5’-

hydroxyl of one ribose and 3’–hydroxyl of next ribose

b. They have positive and negative ends

c. Nucleotides are charged structures

d. Nitrogenous bases are highly ionized compounds

55. The best studied example for specialized transduction is

a. P1 phage                  b. P22 phage

c. ë-phage                    d. Both a and c

56. The diagrammatic representation of the total no. of genes in DNA is

a. Genome                   b. Gene map

c. Gene-structure         d. Chromatin

57. During specialized transduction

a. Large amound of DNA is transferred

b. A few no. of genes are transferred

c. Whole DNA is transferred

d. None of these

58. The cell donating DNA during transformation is

a. Endogenate              b. Exogenate

c. Mesozygote              d. Merosite

59. Genetic information transfer DNA to RNA is called –

a. Transcriptase            b. Transduction

c. Transformation        d. Recombination

60. The gene transfer occurs by –

a. Transformation        b. Transduction

c. Conjugation                         d. Cell fusion

(Citation from: Sagar G.V. (2008) MCQs in Microbiology, New Age International (P) Limited Publishers )

MCQ Microbiology History

Microbial History: 

1. According to Pasteur statements which one of the following is true

a. Living organisms discriminate between stereoisomers

b. Fermentation is a aerobic process

c. Living organisms doesn’t discriminate between stereoisomers

d. Both a and b

2. “I found floating therin earthly particles, some green streaks, spirally wound serpent-wise, and orderly arranged, the whole circumstance of each of these streaks was abut the thickness of a hair on one’s head”…. These words are of

a. Leeuwenhoek

b. A. Jenner

c. Pasteur

d. Koch

3. The principle light- trapping pigment molecule in plants, Algae, and cyanobacteria is

a. Chlorophyll a

b. Chlorophyll b

c. Porphyrin

d. Rhodapsin

4. During Bio Geo chemical cycle some amount of elemental carbon was utilized by the microorganisms. The phenomenon is called as

a. Dissimilation

b. Immobilization

c. Decomposition

d. Neutralization

5. Who demonstrated that open tubes of broth remained free of bacteria when air was free of dust.

a. Abbc Spallanzani

b. John Tyndall

c. Francisco Redi

d. Pasteur

6. Reverse isolation would be appropriate for

a. a patient with tuberculosis

b. a patient who has had minor surgery

c. a patient with glaucoma

d. a patient with leukemia

7. The symptome “ general feeling of illness and discomfort “ is called

a. Cystitis

b. Malaise

c. Anaphylactic shock

d. Arthritis

8. On soybean which of the following forms symbiotism

a. Azatobactor paspali

b. Rhizobium

c. Nostoc

d. Bradyrhizobium

9. Who provide the evidence that bacteriophage nucleic acid but not protein enters the host cell during infection

a. Alfred D.Hershey & Leonard Tatum in 1951.

b. Alfred D.Hershey & Zindar Lederberg in 1951.

c. Alfred D.Hershey & Martha Chase in 1952.

d. Alfred D.Hershey & Macleod in 1952.

10. Spirulina belongs to

a. Xanthophyceae

b. Cyanophyceae

c. Rhodophyceae

d. Pheophyceae

11. The first antibody to contact invading microorganisms was

a. IgG

b. IgM

c. IgA

d. IgD

12. The light emitted by luminescent bacteria is mediated by the enzyme

a. Coenzyme Q

b. Luciferase

c. Lactose dehydrogenase

d. Carboxylase reductase

13. Pick out the vector using in human Genome project

a. Phagemid vector

b. Yeast artificial chromosomes

c. Cosmid vectors

d. Yeast episomal plasmids

14. Salt and sugar preserve foods because they

a. Make them acid

b. Produce a hypotonic environment

c. Deplete nutrients

d. Produce a hypertonic environment

15. In a fluorescent microscope the objective lens is made of

a. Glass

b. Quartz

c. Polythene

d. None of these

16. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is by means of

a. Biological process

b. Lightening

c. Ultraviolet light

d. All of the above

17. Which one of the following fungi is the most serious threat in a bone marrow transplant unit?

a. Candida albicans

b. Aspergillus

c. Blastomyces

d. Cryptococus

18. Direct microscopic count can be done with the aid of

a. Neuberg chamber

b. Anaerobic chamber

c. Mineral oil

d. Olive oil

19. The image obtained in a compound microscope is

a. Real

b. Virtual

c. Real inverted

d. Virtual inverted

20. Enzymes responsible for alcoholic fermentation

a. Ketolase

b. Zymase

c. Peroxidase

d. Oxidase

21. Which type of spores are produced sexually?

a. Conidia

b. Sporangiospores

c. Ascospores

d. None of these

22. Bacterial transformation was discovered by

a. Ederberg and Tatum

b. Beadle and Tatum

c. Griffith

d. None of these

23. Father of microbiology is

a. Louis Pasteur

b. Lister

c. A.V. Leeuwenhock

d. Robert Koch

24. The antiseptic method was first demonstrated by

a. Lwanowski

b. Lord Lister

c. Edward Jenner

d. Beijerinck

25. Small pox vaccine was first discovered by

a. Robert Koch

b. Louis Pasteur

c. Lister

d. Edward Jenner

26. The term mutation was coined by

a. Pasteur

b. Darwin

c. Hugo devries

d. Lamark

27. Compound microscope was discovered by

a. Antony von

b. Pasteur

c. Johnsen & Hans

d. None of these

28. Father of Medical Microbiology is

a. Pasteur

b. Jenner

c. Koch

d. A.L. Hock

29. Disease that affects many people at different countries is termed as

a. Sporadic

b. Pandemic

c. Epidemic

d. Endemic

30. Prophylaxis of cholera is

a. Protected water supply

b. Environmental sanitation

c. Immunization with killed vaccines

d. All of these

31. In electron microscope, what material is used as an objective lens?

a. Magnetic coils

b. Superfine glass

c. Aluminium foils

d. Electrons

32. The main feature of prokaryotic organism is

a. Absence of locomotion

b. Absence of nuclear envelope

c. Absence of nuclear material

d. Absence of protein synthesis

33. The stalked particles on the cristae of mitochondria are called

a. Glyoxysomes

b. Peroxisomes

c. Oxysomes

d. Spherosomes

34. Antiseptic methods were first introduced by

a. Lord Lister

b. Iwanowski

c. Beijernick

d. Edward Jenner

35. Kuru disease in Humans is caused by

a. Bacteria

b. Viroides

c. Prions

d. Mycoplasma

36. A mutation that produces termination codon is

a. Mis-sense mutation

b. Neutral mutation

c. Non-sense mutation

d. Reverse mutation

37. During conjunction the genetic material will be transferred through

a. Cell wall

b. Medium

c. Pili

d. Capsule

38. Antiseptic surgery was discovered by

a. Joseph Lister

b. Ernest Abbe

c. Pasteur

d. Beijerink

39. Tuberculosis is a

a. Water borne disease

b. Air borne disease

c. Food borne disease

d. Atthropod borne disease

40. Phagocytic phenomenon was discovered by

a. Louis Pasteur

b. Alexander Fleming

c. Metchnikof

d. Robert Koch

41. Meosomes are also known as

a. Mitochondria

b. Endoplasmic reticulum

c. Plasmids

d. Chondroids

42. Hybridoma technique was first discovered by.

a. Kohler and Milstein

b. Robert Koch

c. ‘D’ Herelle

d. Land Steiner

43. The minimum number of bacteria required to produce clinical evidence of death in a susceptible animal under standard condition is called

a. LD50

b. ID

c. MLD

d. All of these

44. In Electron Microscope source of electrons is from

a. Mercury lamp

b. Tungsten metal

c. both a and b

d. None of these

45. Griffith (1928) reported the phenomenon of transformation first in

a. H. influenzae

b. Bacillus species

c. Pneumococci

d. E.coli

46. The resolution power of the compound microscope is

a. 0.2 micron

b. 0.2 millimeter

c. 0.2 Angstrom units

d. 0.2 centimeter

47. The capacity of a given strain of microbial species to produce disease is known as

a. Pathogen

b. Virulence

c. Infection

d. None of these

48. Monoclonal antibodies are associated with the name of

a. Burnet        

b. Medwar

c. Milstein kohler

d. Owen

49. Lederberg and Tatum (1946) described the phenomena of

a. Conjunction

b. Transformation

c. Mutation

d. Plasmids

50. Hanging drop method for motility study was first introduced by

a. Robert Koch

b. Louis Pasteur

c. Jenner

d. Leeuwenhock

Note: For answers contact me

(Citation from: Sagar G.V. (2008) MCQs in Microbiology, New Age International (P) Limited Publishers )