Parasitic Infection among People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in Kathmandu, Nepal

ABSTRACT PUBLISHED

ON

First International Conference  

Infectious Diseases and Nanomedicine-2012 (ICIDN-2012)

December 15-18, 2012, Kathmandu, NEPAL

Parasitic Infection among People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in Kathmandu, Nepal

Jyotshana Gautam, Jeevan B. Sherchand, Binod Lekhak, Anisha Shrestha, Upendra Thapa Shrestha, Nabaraj Adhikari

Kantipur College of Medical Science,  Sitapaila, Kathmandu, Nepal

Parasitic infection is one of the major health problems in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) especially in tropical developing countries. This study was conducted to analyze the rate of parasitic infection among people living with HIV/AIDS. A total of 197 specimens were collected from July 2011 to April 2012 and processed in public health research laboratory. The specimens were observed microscopically for ova, larvae and cyst. For detection of Cyclospora spp., Isospora belli and Cryptosporidium spp., modified Zeal-Neelson staining technique was used. Among total 197 samples 55 (27.91 %) were parasite positive. The prevalence was 10.65 % for Cyclospora spp., 9.13 % for Giardia lambia, 7.61 % for Cryptosporidium spp., 5.07 % for Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, 3.04 % for Entamoena coli, 0.50 % for Isospora belli and 0.50 % Bastocystis hominis. The prevalence of parasitic was found to be highest in 25-35 years people. The highest parasitic infection was found in the patients with CD₄ (Cluster of differentiation) 200-500 cells/ mm³ range. The parasitic infection was found high in 25 % of ART (Antiretroviral therapy) not taking patients and 29.91 % of ART taking patients. It can be concluded thatbroutine stool examination should be done for identification of parasites.

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Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage among outpatients, inpatients and hospital staffs Manmohan Memorial Community Hospital, Nepal

ABSTRACT PUBLISHED

ON

First International Conference  

Infectious Diseases and Nanomedicine-2012 (ICIDN-2012)

December 15-18, 2012, Kathmandu, NEPAL

Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage among outpatients, inpatients and hospital staffs Manmohan Memorial Community Hospital, Nepal

PM Niraula¹, SR Basnyat¹, B Rijal², N Adhikari¹, D Acharya¹ and UT Shrestha¹

1: Department of Microbiology, Kantipur College of Medical Science, Sitapaila, Kathmandu, Nepal

2: Department of Microbiology, Manmohan Memorial Community Hospital Thamel Kathmandu, Nepal

Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of nosocomial and community associated infections worldwide. MRSA strains are commonly resistant to multiple antimicrobials, which narrows treatment possibilities. This study was carried out to study the nasal carriage of MRSA among the different study groups and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. The study was carried out at Manmohan Memorial Community Hospital, Nepal from December 2010 to March 2011. The samples were processed for culture, identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing, including Cefoxitin by Modified Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. The nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA were found to be 32.80 % and 13.20 % respectively from 204 nasal samples. The nasal S. aureus carrier among male and female were found to be 38.8 % and 26.0% respectively. Similarly, the nasal MRSA rates were found to be 12.9 %, in male and 13.5 %, in female population. The nasal carrier rates were found to be 35.6 %, 35.4 % and 25.4 % among outpatients, Inpatients and staffs respectively. Likewise, the MRSA nasal carrier rates were 13.7 %, 12.9 % and 12.7 % among outpatients, inpatients and staffs respectively. All the MRSA isolates showed 100 % resistant to Ampicillin, followed by Erythromycin (81.4 %), Gentamycin (74.0 %), Tetracyline (62.9 %) and Ciprofloxacin (44.4 %). However, all MRSA strains were sensitive to Vancomycin. With regard to Methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), higher percentage of Ampicillin (87.5 %) showed resistance. Out of total 67 S. aureus isolates, 33 (49.2 %) were Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains, among them highest MDR percentage was found in staffs 57.1 % (8/14). Such higher S. aureus nasal carriage among study groups and higher resistance of S. aureus towards various drugs including Methicillin signifies a major threat within hospital settings.

Keywords: MRSA, Carriage, Ceoxitin, MDR, Surveillance

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Antibiogram and plasmid profiling of clinical multi drug resistant Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT PUBLISHED

ON

First International Conference  

Infectious Diseases and Nanomedicine-2012 (ICIDN-2012)

December 15-18, 2012, Kathmandu, NEPAL

Antibiogram and plasmid profiling of multi drug resistant Escherichia coli

S Shrestha¹, NM Mali¹, R Shrestha¹, J Shrestha², D Acharya¹, KB Tiwari¹, N Adhikari¹, UT Shrestha¹

1: Kantipur College of Medical Science, Tribhuvan University, Sitapaila, Kathmandu, Nepal

2: Walter Reeds/ AFRIMS Research Unit Nepal (WARUN), Kathmandu, Nepal

Multiple antibiotic resistances among common bacterial pathogens have been established as an alarming public health problem elsewhere. This study was aimed to explore prevalence of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers among multi-drug resistant (MDR)   and plasmid profiling patterns of Escherichia coli isolated in Kathmandu Model hospital, Nepal over three months period. Altogether 49 isolates were randomly selected among the reported MDR E. coli and retested for their susceptibility pattern and ESBL production by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test. All isolates were completely resistant to Amoxycillin but sensitive to Imipenem. A very high prevalence (44, 89.8%) of ESBL producers was detected. Most of the isolates were resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as quinolones, tetracyclines and Cotrimoxazole. Among quinolones, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) range for Nalidixic acid, Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin were 512 - >4093, 8 - 4096 and 1 - 256 µg/ml respectively. All 31 (63.3%) plasmid-harboring isolates contained a >33.5 kb sized plasmid. Among them, seven isolates possessed multiple (2 – 7) plasmids. Overall, twelve different resistance patterns were observed among the bacteria. Based on the patterns, the high molecular weight plasmid seemed to contain most of the resistance genes. It is suspected that multi drug resistance and ESBL production in E. coli with resistance to quinolones may be due to their high molecular weight plasmids. So, continuous antibiotic susceptibility test and surveillance of the plasmid and chromosome of E. coli is essential as plasmid analysis has been applied to determine the evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance among isolates.

KEYWORDS: Escherichia coli, Antibiotic resistance pattern, Multidrug resistant (MDR),     Extended spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBL), Plasmid profiling

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